Politics

Boston residents agree not to import those items taxed by the Townshend Acts.

Government

With the Townshend Acts, Britain imposes taxes on imports of tea, glass, paper, and dyestuffs.

Government

Presidents: John Quincy Adams (1767-1848), sixth President of the United States, is born on July 11, in Massachusetts.

Government

Presidents: Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), seventh President of the United States, is born in Waxhaw, South Carolina on March 15.

Science

Joseph Priestly (1733-1804) proposes an electrical inverse-square law.

Inventions

The astronomer David Rittenhouse (1732-1796) invents a planetarium.

Education

The first of the weekly numbers of the "Encyclopedia Britannica" is published; 100 are planned.

Education

Higher Education: King’s College in New York City opens the second of America’s medical schools.

Education

Austrian emperor Joseph II (1741-1790) and his mother, Maria Theresa (1717-1780), introduce educational reforms.

Arts and Letters

Essay: Adam Ferguson (1723-1816) publishes "An Essay on the History of Civil Society."

Adams, Abigail

A son, John Quincy (1767-1848), is born to John and Abigail Adams on July 11th.

Jackson, Rachel

Rachel Donelson (1767-1828), future wife of President Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), is born in Virginia on June 15.

Economics

Women''s Firsts: Anne Catherine Hoof Green (c.1720-1775) takes over her late husband''s printing and newspaper business, becoming the first American woman to run a print shop.

Discovery

James Cook (1728-1779) sails on the first circumnavigation of the world; he returns in June 1771.

Discovery

Starting in North Carolina, Daniel Boone (1734-1820) makes his first exploration west of the Appalachian Mountains, traveling along the present-day Kentucky-West Virginia border.

Popular Culture

American Theatre: The first professional production of a native play, 'The Prince of Parthia,' by Thomas Godfrey (1736-1763) is mounted in Philadelphia.

Religion

The Jesuits are expelled from Spain and France.

Politics

Samuel Adams (1722-1803) of Massachusetts writes a Circular Letter opposing taxation without representation.

Politics

Boston citizens refuse to quarter British troops.

Government

The Massachusetts Assembly is dissolved for refusing to assist in the collection of taxes.

Government

Native Americans: treaties are negotiated between Great Britain and the six nations of the Iroquois.

War

Revolutionary War: British troops sail to Boston, and two regiments come ashore to take up quarters in the city.

Medicine

Smallpox inoculations in Norfolk, VA cause riots.

Education

Higher Education: The medical school at Philadelphia College graduates its first physicians.

Arts and Letters

The Royal Academy is founded in London, with painter Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) as president.

Adams, Abigail

A second daughter, Susanna (1768-1770), is born December 28 to Abigail and John Adams. The Adams family moves to Boston.

Madison, Dolley

Dolley Payne (1768-1849), future wife of President James Madison (1751-1836), is born on May 20 in Guilford County, North Carolina.

Monroe, Elizabeth

Elizabeth Kortright (1768-1830), future Wife of President James Monroe (1758-1831), is born on June 30 in New York City, the first of ten First Ladies born in New York, the "mother state" of presidential wives.

Economics

Sheet music is published and sold in Boston.

Economics

Anne Catherine Green (c.1720-1775) is formally appointed provincial printer for the province of Maryland.

Discovery

Explorer James Cook (1728-1779) investigates islands in the south Pacific, and observes a transit of Venus in order to determine the size of the solar system.

Daily Life

Newspapers: The "Boston Gazette" publishes “The Liberty Song,” possibly America''s first patriotic song.

Religion

The first Methodist Church is established in New York City.

Government

The Privy Council in London decides to retain the duty on tea in the American colonies.

Government

The Virginia Assembly is dissolved.

Government

San Diego is founded by Franciscan Friar Juniper Serra (1713-1784).

Science

David Rittenhouse (1732-1796) plots the orbits of Venus and Mercury.

Science

Charles Bonnet (1720-1793) suggests an evolutionary theory.

Science

New mathematical symbols, such as pi are introduced by Leonhard Euler (1707-1783).

Inventions

James Watt (1736-1819) patents his steam engine.

Inventions

Frenchman Nicholas Cugnot (1725-1804) builds a steam carriage.

Education

The Academie de Coiffure is established in France by Legros de Rumigny, who teaches hairdressing and wig-making skills.

Education

The first day nursery opens at Steintal, Alsace.

Education

Higher Education: Native American Education: Dartmouth College is established to educate Native Americans.

Jefferson, Martha

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) begins building Monticello in Albemarle County, Virginia.

Madison, Dolley

Dolley Payne’s (1768-1849) father, John Payne, moves his wife and family back to his wife's family plantation at Cole's Hill, Virginia.

Economics

The first American-made printing fonts are produced by silversmith Abel Buell (1742-1822).

Economics

Henry William Stiegel (1729-1785) opens his glass works in Manheim, Pennsylvania.

Discovery

Daniel Boone (1734-1820) explores the Cumberland Gap.

Daily Life

The first lightning rod conductors are installed on high buildings.

Government

The British Parliament repeals the Townshend Acts, but retains the duty on tea. The Quartering Act is not renewed.

War

Revolutionary War: The “Boston Massacre” occurs.

Medicine

John Warren and several other Harvard students form a society for the secret dissection of animals; this society later becomes the Massachusetts Medical Society.

Inventions

African American Inventors: Benjamin Bannecker (1731-1806) builds a wooden clock that keeps accurate time for more than 50 years.

Education

Higher Education: The College of Charleston is established in South Carolina as the first municipal college.

Education

Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) publishes a mathematics textbook, "Introduction to Algebra."

Arts and Letters

Painting: Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788) paints “The Blue Boy.”

Ideas

Edmund Burke (1729-1797) writes "Thoughts on the Causes of the Present Discontent."

Adams, Abigail

Susanna Adams (1767-1770), second daughter of Abigail and John Adams, dies at 13 months of age on February 4. It is widely reported that she was "sickly" from birth (usually a way of saying either that the cause was an unknown infection or that no one really knew what was wrong).

Adams, Abigail

A second son, Charles (1770-1800), is born to Abigail and John Adams on November 30. John Adams is asked to defend the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre; he does, and they are acquitted.

Economics

U.S. Population: The American colonies’ population is estimated at 2.2 million.

Economics

"The New England Psalm Singer," by William Billings (1746-1800), marks the beginning of publishing of American compositions.

Discovery

James Bruce (1730-1794) discovers the source of the Blue Nile.

Discovery

James Cook (1728-1779) discovers Botany Bay in Australia.

Science

Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) discovers the electrical nature of the nervous impulse.

Science

Joseph Priestly (1733-1804) discovers that plants convert carbon dioxide into oxygen.

Medicine

New York Hospital is founded.

Education

The Encyclopedia Britannica publishes its first edition.

Education

An edict in Spain requires the modernization of textbooks.

Ideas

The first issue of "Transactions," the journal of the American Philosophical Society, is published.

Economics

Sir Richard Arkwright (1732-1792) produces the first spinning mill in England.

Daily Life

Quaker Susanna Wright (1697-1784) acts as a legal counselor, unofficial magistrate, and physician for her neighbors in Pennsylvania.

Religion

The first separate Baptist Association was formed at a meeting in Orange County, Virginia.

Law

Slavery: An English court rules that a slave is free on landing in England.

Politics

Samuel Adams (1722-1803) forms the Committees of Correspondence in Massachusetts for action against Great Britain.

Politics

The Boston Assembly demands rights of colonies, threatens secession.

Science

Daniel Rutherford (1749-1819) and Joseph Priestly (1733-1804) discover nitrogen.

Science

Caroline Herschel (1750-1848), with her brother, William Herschel (1738-1822) assists in the first sightings of eight comets and 14 nebulae.

Science

Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) clarifies the basic principles of optics, acoustics, mechanics, and astronomy.

Inventions

John Hobday of Virginia, invents the threshing machine.

Education

The first schoolhouse west of the Allegheny Mountains is built in Schoenbrunn, Ohio, by Moravian missionaries.

Education

Higher Education: Education of Women: Women’s Colleges: Salem Academy is founded in North Carolina and is chartered as a college in 1866.

Arts and Letters

Painting: Charles Wilson Peale (1741-1827) completes a life-sized portrait of George Washington.

Jefferson, Martha

Martha "Patsy" Washington Jefferson Randolph (1772-1836), daughter of Thomas and Martha Jefferson, is born September 27.

Adams, Abigail

A third son, Thomas Boylston (1772-1832), is born to Abigail and John Adams on September 15.

Jefferson, Martha

Martha Wayles Skelton (1748-1782) marries Thomas Jefferson on New Year's Day, when she is 23.

Discovery

James Bruce (1730-1794) traces the Blue Nile to its confluence with the White Nile.

Discovery

James Cook (1728-1779) leaves England on his second voyage; this time he approaches the Antarctic Circle.

Sports

The first military ski competitions are held in Norway.

Religion

The Inquisition is abolished in France.

Politics

The Virginia House of Burgesses appoints a Provincial Committee of Correspondence.

Politics

The Boston Tea Party takes place, dumping 340 chests of tea into Boston harbor in a protest against the duty on tea.

Government

Presidents: William Henry Harrison (1773-1841), 9th Presdident of the United States, is born on February 9 in Berkeley, Virginia.

Medicine

Mental Health Movement: An early mental hospital, the Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds, opens in Williamsburg, VA.

Education

Museums: The Charleston (VA) Library Society opens the first American museum of natural history.

Arts and Letters

Drama: Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) writes the play, "She Stoops to Conquer."

Arts and Letters

Poetry: Women''s Firsts: Women''s Firsts: Black poet Phillis Wheatley (c.1753-1784) publishes "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral," the first published works by an African American poet.

Arts and Letters

Dance: A dance class begun in Moscow later becomes the Bolshoi Ballet Company.

Washington, Martha

Martha "Patsy" Parke Custis (1754-1773), second daughter of Martha Washington and John Parke Custis, and stepdaughter of George Washington, dies suddenly of epilepsy on June 19.

Adams, Abigail

Abigail Adams (1744-1818) establishes a friendship with Mercy Warren (1728-1814), sister of James Otis (1725-1783).

Economics

Transportation: Oliver Evans (1755-1819) proposes steam-powered “horseless carriage.”

Discovery

James Cook (1728-1779), captains the first ship to cross the Antarctic Circle.

Daily Life

Dancing: The waltz becomes fashionable in Vienna.

Daily Life

310 street lamps are installed and kept lighted in Boston from October to May.

Religion

Pope Clement XIV (1705-1774) dissolves the Jesuit Order.

Religion

The first annual conference of American Methodists meets in Philadelphia.

Politics

The Virginia House of Burgesses calls a Continental Congress to meet at Philadelphia.

Government

General Thomas Gage (1721-1787) arrives from England to be Royal Governor of Massachusetts.

Government

Parliament passes the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts); the port of Boston is closed.

War

Revolutionary War: George Washington (1732-1799) orders a military campaign against the Iroquois.

Science

Johann G. Gahn (1745-1818) isolates manganese.

Science

Karl W. Scheele (1742-1786) discovers chorine and barium.

Medicine

Austrian physician Franz Mesmer (1734-1815) uses hypnosis for health purposes.

Medicine

Native Americans: Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) describes Indian medical practices.

Inventions

Scotsman James Watt (1736-1819) builds first "modern" stationary steam engine

Education

Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) founds a school for orphaned and neglected children in Zurich (Switzerland).

Education

Education of Women: Leonhard Usteri founds the first school for girls in Zurich, Switzerland.

Ideas

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) writes his first important work, "A Summary View of the Rights of British America."

Washington, Martha

Jacky Custis (1755-1781) leaves King's College to marry Eleanor Calvert of Maryland and settle at Abingdon, his estate up the river from Mount Vernon.

George Washington attends the First Continental Congress, meeting in Philadelphia, as a delegate from the Virginia colony.

Adams, Abigail

John Adams (1735-1826) goes to the first Continental Congress.

Jefferson, Martha

Jane Randolph Jefferson (1774-1775), daughter of Thomas and Martha Jefferson, is born on April 3.

Economics

English silversmith Hester Bateman (c. 1709-1794) registers her hallmark in London’s guildhall.

Daily Life

Magazines: The Royal American Magazine is the first to use illustrations regularly, some engravings contributed by Paul Revere (1735-1818).

Sports

Cricket: The rules for cricket are first drawn up.

Religion

The Quebec Act, to secure Canada’s loyalty to Great Britain, establishes Roman Catholicism in Canada.

Religion

Anne Lee (1736-1784) of Massachusetts settles in New York to begin a spiritualist revival (the Shakers).

Government

Native Americans: The Continental Congress establishes a Committee on Indian Affairs, appointing commissioners to create peace treaties with the Indians.

War

Revolutionary War: George Washington becomes Commander-in-Chief, a navy is authorized.

War

Revolutionary War: The American Revolution begins on April 19, with the battles at Lexington and Concord; the Battle of Bunker Hill follows shortly.

War

Revolutionary War: England hires 29,000 German mercenaries for war in North America.

War

Revolutionary War: Fort Ticonderoga is captured from the British.

Science

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) discovers hydrochloric and sulfuric acids.

Medicine

Digitalis is used for the first time as a diuretic in dropsy (water retention in the body).

Medicine

Epidemics: A world-wide epidemic of influenza occurs.

Inventions

James Watt (1736-1819) perfects his invention of the steam engine.

Inventions

David Bushnell (1742-1824) invents a one-man, hand-operated submarine, the “American Turtle.”

Ideas

Edmund Burke (1729-1797) writes his “Speech on Conciliation with America.”

Ideas

Patrick Henry (1736-1799) gives his famous “Give me liberty or give me death” speech.

Washington, Martha

George Washington (1732-1799) attends the Second Continental Congress, where he accepts command of the Continental Army. In December, Martha (1731-1802) joins him at his headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Jefferson, Martha

Jane Randolph Jefferson (1774-1775), second daughter of Thomas and Martha Jefferson, dies at seventeen months in September.

Madison, Dolley

Dolley Payne (1768-1849) attends school with her brothers at the Cedar Creek Friends meetinghouse in Virginia.

Adams, Louisa

Louisa Catherine Johnson (1775-1852), future wife of President John Quincy Adams (1767-1848), is born in London on February 12. She is the first First Lady to be born outside of the United States.

Harrison, Anna

Anna Tuthill Symmes (1775-1864), future wife of President William Henry Harrison ((1773–1841) is born in Flatbrook, New Jersey on July 25.

Economics

American Money: American colonists issue paper currency for the Continental Congress to finance the Revolutionary War.

Economics

The colonies supply nearly 15% of the world’s iron.

Discovery

James Cook (1728-1779) returns from his second voyage.

Daily Life

The song “Yankee Doodle” becomes popular as a rallying song to taunt the British.

Daily Life

Women’s Firsts: Mary Katherine Goddard (1738-1816) became the first woman postmaster in the country (in Baltimore).

Sports

Native Americans: Indians in Florida are described as playing lacrosse, using a deerskin ball and deerskin nets on sticks.

Popular Culture

Sarah Siddons (1755-1831) appears for the first time at the Drury Lane Theatre in London.

Popular Culture

American Theatre: Colonial government regulations curb sport and entertainment during the Revolution; theatres close.

Social Issues

Slavery: Thomas Paine (1737-1806) writes "African Slavery in America."

Reform

Abolition Movement: The first abolition society in the U.S. is organized in Philadelphia by Anthony Benezet (1713-1784); Benjamin Franklin becomes its president in 1787.

Reform

Women''s Rights Movement: American political philosopher Thomas Paine (1737-1806) proposes women’s rights in an article in the Pennsylvania Magazine.

Government

The Declaration of Independence, drafted by The Continental Congress, is signed on July 4.

Government

The Second Continental Congress names the new nation the United States of America.

War

Revolutionary War: The British army occupies New York City.

War

Revolutionary War: George Washington (1732-1799) crosses the Delaware River, defeating the Hessian troops at Trenton, NJ.

Education

Higher Education: Phi Beta Kappa is founded at the College of William and Mary.

Arts and Letters

Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) writes "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire."

Ideas

Adam Smith (1723-1790) writes "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations."

Ideas

Thomas Paine’s (1737-1806) "Common Sense" is published.

Washington, Martha

Again, Martha Washington joins her husband at his headquarters in New York. She lends her name to a formal effort to recruit more women to volunteer on behalf of the Continental Army, especially to sew uniforms and knit warm clothes for the troops.

Adams, Abigail

(1744-1818) writes a letter to John in which she tells him to “remember the ladies” when writing the Declaration of Independence.

Economics

Transportation: Railroad History: English tram road is laid down with cast iron angle bars on timber ties.

Discovery

James Cook’s (1728-1779) third voyage to the Pacific begins.

Discovery

Franciscan friars Dominguez and Escalante (1769–1779) explore route from New Mexico to California.

Daily Life

Disasters: Fire destroys most of the old parts of New York City.

Religion

San Francisco is established by Spanish missionaries.

Social Issues

Native Americans: Cherokee leader Nancy (or Nanye’hi) Ward (c. 1738-1824) heads the Woman’s Council and sits as a member of the Council of Chiefs.

Reform

Women's Suffrage Movement: New Jersey grants women the right to vote (revoked in 1807).

Government

The Continental Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union.

Government

American Flag: On June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress passes the first Flag Act which states: "That the flag of the United States be made of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation."

War

Revolutionary War: The Marquis de Lafayette’s (1757-1834) French volunteers arrive in America.

War

Revolutionary War: British General John Burgoyne (1722-1792) is defeated and surrenders to the Americans at Saratoga, NY.

Science

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) proves that air consists mainly of oxygen and nitrogen, and coins the term oxygen.

Medicine

George Washington (1732-1799) orders his soldiers to be inoculated against smallpox.

Arts and Letters

Drama: Playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816) writes the comedy "The School for Scandal."

Washington, Martha

Martha spends some time in her husband’s camp in Morristown, Pennsylvania.

Jefferson, Martha

The only Jefferson son was born May 28 and died a short while later on June 14. Over the course of time, this child's name has been lost.

Economics

Women''s Firsts: Baltimore postmaster Mary Katherine Goddard (1738-1816) is the first person to print the Declaration of Independence.

Daily Life

Women’s Firsts: Mary Katherine Goddard (1738-1816) became the first printer to offer copies of the Declaration of Independence that included the signers' names.

Religion

The New Testament of the Bible is published in English for the first time in America.

Religion

The chapel of the San Juan Capistrano mission, the oldest building still in existence in California, is built.

Social Issues

Slavery: Vermont abolishes slavery, becoming the first colony to do so.

Social Issues

Civil Rights Movement: New York enfranchises all free propertied men regardless of color or prior servitude.

Government

Slavery: An Act of Congress prohibits the import of slaves into the U.S.

Government

Congress ratifies a treaty with France and rejects a British peace offer.

War

Revolutionary War: British Tories and Indians massacre inhabitants of Wyoming Valley, PA and Cherry Valley, NY.

War

Revolutionary War: Mary McCauley (1754-1832) (Molly Pitcher), carries water to American soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth; she then mans her husband’s cannon when he is killed.

Medicine

William Brown (1748-1792), Virginia physician, publishes "Pharmacopoeia," a guide to medicines and drugs.

Inventions

Joseph Bramah (1748-1814) from Yorkshire constructs an improved water closet (toilet).

Education

Phillips Andover Academy is founded in Massachusetts, with a broader curriculum than the Latin Grammar School.

Washington, Martha

During the bitter winter at Valley Forge, Martha Washington endeared herself to the soldiers as she brought food and warm clothing to the freezing men and worked hard to get local women to do the same.

Adams, Abigail

A sixth child is stillborn to Abigail (1744-1818) and John Adams (1735-1826).

Jefferson, Martha

Mary "Polly" "Maria" Jefferson (1778-1804), daughter of Thomas and Martha Jefferson, is born on August 1.

Economics

American Money: The dollar sign ($) is created by Oliver Pollack.

Discovery

James Cook (1728-1779) discovers Hawaii (then called the Sandwich Islands).

Social Issues

Native Americans: Frances Slocum (1773-1847) is captured by Delaware Indians; she is discovered in 1835 but refuses to return to her family, preferring to die where “the Great Spirit will find me.”

Social Issues

Slavery: Rhode Island forbids the removal of slaves from the state.

Social Issues

Slavery: Virginia prohibits the importation of slaves.

War

Revolutionary War: John Paul Jones (1747-1792) makes his famous statement, “I have not yet begun to fight!” aboard the American warship Bonhomme Richard.

War

Revolutionary War: The British surrender to Americans at Vincennes.

Medicine

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) studies the role of semen in fertilization.

Education

Higher Education: Under Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), William and Mary College creates schools of medicine, law and modern languages, and pioneers in a system allowing students to choose courses.

Education

Public Education: Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) proposes a two-track educational system, with different tracks in his words for "the laboring and the learned." Scholarship would allow a very few of the laboring class to advance, Jefferson says, by "raking a few geniuses from the rubbish."

Daily Life

The first “velocipedes” (bicycles) appear in Paris.

Daily Life

Political cartooning blossoms in England with satires of King George III (1738-1820) drawn by James Gillray (1756-1815).

Sports

Horse Racing: The Derby is established at Epsom racetrack in England.

Sports

Horse Racing: Quarter-mile horse races become popular around Charlottesville, VA.

Religion

John Murray (1741-1815) establishes the First Universalist congregation at Gloucester, Massachusetts.

Religion

The Great Awakening: Olney Hymns are published; it includes the original form of “Amazing Grace,” written by John Newton (1725-1807), a converted slave trader.

Government

The capital of Virginia is moved to Richmond.

Science

The American Academy of Sciences is founded in Boston.

Medicine

The Philadelphia Humane Society is established to teach first aid (reviving drowning victims). Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) proposes mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

Inventions

The circular saw is invented by Gervinus.

Inventions

Scheller invents the first fountain pen.

Technology

Battery Technology: The modern battery development dates as far back as the late 18th century. The cause was championed by the work carried out by Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) from 1780 to 1786.

Jefferson, Martha

Lucy Elizabeth I (1780-1781), daughter of Thomas and Martha Jefferson, is born on November 3.

Economics

Population: U.S. population is estimated at 2.7 million.

Daily Life

Newspapers: The first Sunday newspapers appear in London.

Daily Life

Dancing: The bolero, a lively Spanish dance, is introduced by Sebastian Cerezo.

Sports

Cricket: The first six-seamed cricket ball is manufactured in England.

Social Issues

Slavery: Women''s Firsts: Elizabeth Freeman (1742-1829), great-grandmother of W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963) and the first slave to be emancipated in the American colonies is given her freedom in Massachusetts.

Social Issues

Slavery: Delaware makes it illegal to enslave imported Africans.

Social Issues

Slavery: Pennsylvania begins gradual emancipation of slaves.

Government

Thomas Barclay (1728-1793) is appointed as the first diplomat of the Continental Government, representing the new nation in France.

War

Revolutionary War: The American Revolution ends when British General Charles Cornwallis (1738-1805) surrenders to General George Washington (1732-1799) at Yorktown, Virginia.

Science

Astronomer William Herschel (1738-1822) discovers the planet Uranus.

Education

Johann Pestalozzi (1747-1827) writes his educational aims in the novel, "Leonard and Gertrude."

Jefferson, Martha

Lucy Elizabeth I (1780-1781), fourth daughter of Thomas and Martha Jefferson, dies 5 months after birth on April 15, perhaps as a result of exposure to wintry cold as she fled with her family from the British.

Washington, Martha

John "Jacky" Parke Custis (1754-1781), second son of Martha Washington and stepson of George Washington, dies of dysentery while serving under Washington during the Revolutionary War. The Washingtons take his two younger children, George Washington Parke Custis and Eleanor (Nelly) Custis, to raise.

Economics

Blue laws get their name in New Haven, CT, when a town ordinance printed on blue paper prohibits work on Sunday.

Economics

Construction begins on the Siberian highway.

Economics

The Bank of North America is chartered.

Economics

American Money: Also to support the Revolutionary War, the continental Congress charters the Bank of North America in Philadelphia as the nation's first "real" bank.

Religion

Franciscan monks settle at Los Angeles.

Government

The Great Seal of the United States is adopted.

Government

Presidents: Martin Van Buren (1782-1862), 8th President of the United States, is born on December 5 in Kinderhook, New York.

War

Preliminary peace negotiations between England and the United States occur in Paris.

War

Congress passes a national conscription act to require “each and every free able-bodied white male citizen of the republic” to serve in the U.S. militia.

Medicine

Higher Education: Harvard Medical school opens.

Inventions

James Watt (1736-1819) invents a double-acting rotary steam engine.

Technology

Hot Air Balloons: The Montgolfier brothers, Joseph (1740-1810) and Jacques (1745-1799), build an hot air balloon.

Education

Catholic Education: The first Catholic parochial school is founded by St. Mary’s Catholic Church in Philadelphia.

Arts and Letters

The Royal Irish Academy is founded in Dublin.

Jefferson, Martha

Lucy Elizabeth II (1782-1784), daughter of Thomas and Martha Jefferson, is born on May 8.

Jefferson, Martha

Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson (1748-1782), wife of Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), dies on September 6 at Monticello. She is the first First Lady to die before her husband was elected to office.

Economics

The Bank of North America is established in Philadelphia.

Reform

Temperance Movement: A Town Meeting in Worcester, Massachusetts opposes a state liquor tax because it is felt that liquor is necessary for the morale of farm workers.

War

Revolutionary War: Great Britain recognizes the independence of the U.S. and the war is officially over with the signing of the Treaty of Paris.

War

Revolutionary War: George Washington (1732-1799) resigns as Commander-in-Chief and the Continental Army is disbanded.

Science

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) suggests that water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.

Inventions

John Broadwood (1732-1812) patents his piano pedals.

Inventions

D. Domenico Salsano invents the seismograph for measuring the strength of earthquakes.

Education

Higher Education: Enrollment at Yale College is 270.

Education

Education of Women: Choderlos de Laclos (1741-1803) publishes "De l’éducation des femmes" (On the Education of Women).

Education

Noah Webster (1758-1843) publishes "The American Spelling Book," called the “Blue-Backed Speller,” which helps standardize spelling of American English.

Arts and Letters

The first works of Ludwig van Beethoven’s (1770-1827) are published.

Washington, Martha

As the Revolutionary War ends, Martha (1731-1892) and George Washington (1732-1799) return to Mount Vernon.

Madison, Dolley

Dolley Madison’s (1764-1849) father, John Payne, influenced by his Quaker tenets and desiring a better education for his children, frees his slaves, sells his plantation, and moves his family to Philadelphia.

Van Buren, Hannah

Hannah Hoes (1783-1819), future wife of President Martin Van Buren ((1782–1862), is born on March 8th in Kinderhook, New York. She is the first First Lady to be born an American citizen; all First Ladies before her were British subjects. She is also the second of ten First Ladies born in New York, the "mother state" of presidential wives.

Economics

Population: Population of the U.S. is estimated at 2.4 million.

Daily Life

Newspapers: At the war's end, there are forty-three newspapers in print. The press plays a vital role in the affairs of the new nation; many more newspapers are started, representing all shades of political opinion.

Daily Life

Society of the Cincinnati, an elite American Revolutionary group, is established.

Daily Life

Newspapers: The first daily newspaper in the U.S., "The Pennsylvania Evening Post," begins publication.

Daily Life

Transportation: It takes Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) five days to travel from Philadelphia to Baltimore, about 90 miles.

Popular Culture

Hot Air Balloons: The first recorded manned flight in a hot air balloon takes place in Paris; the Montgolfier brothers pilot their paper and silk balloon for 22 minutes.

Social Issues

Slavery: Virginia emancipates those slaves who served in the colonial forces against Britain, provided that the slave's master gives permission.

Social Issues

Slavery: Affluent free blacks in New Orleans, Louisiana, organize the Perseverance, Benevolence and Mutual Aid Association to support their own interests and assist the poor.

Government

Slavery: Congress narrowly defeats Thomas Jefferson’s (1743-1826) proposal to ban slavery in new territories after 1800.

Government

Presidents: Zachary Taylor (1784-1950), 12th President of the U.S., is born November 24, near Barboursville, Virginia.

Government

North Carolina cedes its western lands to the U.S. The state of Franklin (present-day east Tennessee) exists until 1888, when settlers accept renewed jurisdiction of North Carolina.

War

Revolutionary War: The U.S. ratifies the treaty with England ending the Revolutionary War.

Medicine

Johann von Goethe (1749-1837) discovers the human intermaxillary bone.

Inventions

Swiss inventor Aimé Argand (1755-1803) designs an oil burner.

Inventions

Joseph Bramah (1748-1814), English engineer, invents a pick-proof lock.

Education

Special Education: The first school for the blind is established in Paris.

Education

Higher Education: King’s College in New York City becomes Columbia University.

Ideas

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) publishes "Notes on Virginia."

Adams, Abigail

Abigail Adams (1744-1818) joins husband, John (1735-1826), in Paris, where he is an ambassador.

Jefferson, Martha

Lucy Elizabeth II (1782-1784), daughter of Thomas and Martha Jefferson, dies October 13 from the "complicated evils of teething, worms and hooping cough."

Economics

The "Empress of China" sails from Salem, Massachusetts to Canton, China, establishing a route for the New England-China trade.

Daily Life

The first political cartoons by Thomas Rowlandson (1756-1827) are published.

Daily Life

Magazines: "Gentlemen and Ladies’ Town and Country Magazine" begins publication as does "The American Mercury."

Sports

Deer hunting at night in the Carolinas is made a misdemeanor because of the accidental slaughter of many cows and horses.

Popular Culture

Hot Air Balloons: Vincent Lunardi (1759-1806) first ascends in a hot air balloon in England.

Popular Culture

Hot Air Balloons: Elisabeth Thible becomes the first woman to go aloft as a passenger in a hot air balloon over Lyons, France.

Religion

The first American bishop for the colonies is appointed.

Religion

The Great Awakening: John Wesley (1702-1791) publishes his Deed of Declaration, and Weslayan Methodism is chartered.

Religion

Women''s Firsts: Hannah Adams (1755-1832), the first American woman to support herself as a writer, publishes "An Alphabetical Compendium of the Various Sects."

Government

Congress passes the Land Ordinance of 1785 (Northwest Ordinance).

Government

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) becomes Minister to France and John Adams (1735-1826) becomes Minister to Great Britain.

Inventions

Chlorine bleach is invented.

Inventions

The steam-powered loom is invented.

Education

The London Society for the Establishment of Sunday Schools is founded.

Education

Public Education: The Northwest Ordinance stimulates the establishment of public schools through land grants by stipulating that certain amounts of land must be set aside for public education purposes.

Ideas

Hot Air Balloons: Philip Freneau (1752-1832) suggests that hot air balloons could be used to travel to other planets.

Adams, Abigail

Abigail Adams (1744-1818) continues as a diplomatic wife in London when John (1735-1826) is appointed the first U.S. minister to Great Britain.

Economics

American Money: The dollar becomes the official currency of the United States.

Economics

Ann Timothy holds the post Printer to the State of South Carolina.

Economics

Transportation: Regular stagecoach routes linking New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia begin operations.

Popular Culture

Hot Air Balloons: The first hot air balloon flight across the English Channel takes place.

Social Issues

Slavery: New York passes a gradual emancipation law, prohibits the importation of slaves, and allows masters to manumit slaves without posting bonds.

Social Issues

Slavery: Virginia deems any person with black blood to be a mulatto and declares that the use of the term Negro is understood to include mulattos.

Science

German chemist M. H. Klaproth (1743-1817) discovers uranium.

Medicine

Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) suggests that some illnesses may be psychosomatic.

Medicine

Pennsylvania Hospital opens an outpatient dispensary, a forerunner of free clinics.

Inventions

American inventor James Rumsey (c.1743-1792), designs the first mechanically driven boat.

Education

Education of Women: A government boarding school for girls is founded in Vienna for the education of teachers and governesses.

Education

Museums: The Philadelphia Museum is founded by Charles Wilson Peale (1741-1827).

Arts and Letters

Poetry: Robert Burns (1759-1796) publishes "Poems, chiefly in the Scottish dialect."

Arts and Letters

Opera: Mozart’s (1756-1791) "The Marriage of Figaro" is produced in Vienna.

Monroe, Elizabeth

Elizabeth Kortright (1768-1830) marries James Monroe (1738-1851) in February when she is seventeen.

Monroe, Elizabeth

Eliza Kortright Monroe (1786-1835), daughter of President James Monroe and Elizabeth Monroe, is born.

Economics

Debt-ridden farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Daniel Shays (c.1745-1825), revolt against the state government, protesting high taxes, shortage of money, and insistent creditors. Shays’ Rebellion is crushed in 1787.

Economics

The first ice cream is made commercially in New York City.

Sports

Golf: The Charleston, NC Golf Club is established.

Sports

Mt. Blanc in the Alps is climbed for the first time.

Religion

A collection of sacred music for schools is the first book in the U.S. published with moveable type.

Religion

The Religious Freedom Act abolishes religious tests for voting in Virginia.

Social Issues

Native Americans: The U.S. establishes first Native American reservation and policy of dealing with each tribe as an independent nation.

Politics

A constitutional convention meets in Philadelphia to frame a Constitution; the Constitution of the U.S. is signed.

Government

New State: Delaware ratifies the Constitution and becomes the 1st state in the Union; Pennsylvania is 2nd state in the Union; New Jersey becomes the 3rd.

Government

National Capital: The new Constitution provides the the creation of a separate national capital, and the search for a site begins.

Government

Congress enacts the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

Inventions

American inventor John Fitch (1743-1798) launches a steamboat on the Delaware River.

Education

Higher Education: The College of Physicians of Philadelphia opens.

Education

Children''s Books: The first American edition of "Mother Goose Rhymes" is published by Isaiah Thomas (1749-1831

Arts and Letters

Mozart (1756-1791) composes "Don Giovanni;" it premieres in Prague.

Ideas

John Adams (1735-1826) writes "A Defense of the Constitution of Government of the U.S.A."

Ideas

James Madison (1751-1836) writes "The Vices of the Political System of the United States."

Washington, Martha

George Washington (1732-1799) attends a concert given by Alexander Reinagle (c.1750-1809), finest pianist in the U.S. at the time; he later engages Reinagle to give music lessons to his daughter.

Economics

The first American cotton mill opens in Beverly, Massachusetts.

Daily Life

One of the first non-religious song books, A Select Collection of the Most Favorite Scots Tunes, is published in the U.S. by Alexander Rienagle.

Religion

Lucy Wright (1760-1821), successor to Ann Lee, dominates the period of the Shaker society’s greatest growth.

Religion

Black preacher Richard Allen (1760-1831) founds the African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Reform

Abolition Movement: The Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade is formed by British Quakers.

Government

New State: Georgia ratifies the new Constitution and becomes the 4th state admitted to the Union; Connecticut becomes the 5th; Massachusetts is the 6th; Maryland is the 7th; South Carolina is the 8th; New Hampshire is the 9th; Virginia is the 10th; New York is the 11th.

Government

National Capital: New York City becomes the federal capital of the U.S.

Government

National Capital: Maryland and Virginia give land for a new federal capital.

Science

The Marquis Pierre Simon de Laplace (1749-1827) writes "Laws of the Planetary System."

Medicine

Mobs riot in New York and Boston protesting the use of cadavers for dissection in medical schools.

Inventions

Andrew Meikle (1719-1811), Scottish millwright, patents a thrasher for removing husks from grain.

Education

Hannah More (1745-1833) opens a school for illiterates in England and receives much opposition for educating laborers.

Education

Public Education: The Constitution gives the power to establish schools and license teachers to individual states rather than to the federal government.

Ideas

"The Federalist Papers" are published.

Ideas

Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804) writes "A Critique of Pure Reason."

Adams, Abigail

Abigail (1744-1818) and John Adams (1735-1826) return to Braintree, MA from abroad.

Taylor, Margaret

Margaret “Peggy” Mackall Smith (1788-1852), future wife of President Zachary Taylor (1784–1850), is born in Calvert County, MD on September 21.

Economics

"Northwest America," the first American ship built on the west coast, is launched.

Daily Life

Crime and Punishment: Botany Bay in Australia becomes an English penal colony.

Daily Life

The first hortensia and fuchsia are imported to Europe from Peru.

Daily Life

Disasters: Fire destroys more than 800 buildings in New Orleans.

Social Issues

Slavery: New York passes a new comprehensive slave law, confirming that all current slaves are slaves for life.

Social Issues

Slavery: Connecticut and Massachusetts forbid residents from participating in the slave trade.

Law

The Federal Judiciary Act creates the Supreme Court.

Law

Chief Justices: President George Washington (1732-1799) nominates John Jay (1745-1829) as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court on September 24th. The Senate confirms the appointment on September 26th. After serving as Chief Justice for five years, Jay resigns from the Supreme Court on June 29, 1795. He is elected Governor of New York in 1796.

Law

The Constitution of the United States goes into effect; the first ten amendments to the Constitution are introduced by the Congress.

Politics

George Washington (1732-1799) is elected President of the U.S., and John Adams (1735-1826)is elected Vice President.

Politics

First Political Parties: The Federalist Party is formed.

Politics

Tammany (Hall) is founded in New York City.

Politics

Political buttons first appear.

Government

New State: North Carolina ratifies the Constitution and becomes the 12th state admitted to the Union.

War

French Revolution: The French Revolution begins.

Medicine

Edward Holyoke (1728-1829), physician, publishes life expectancy table showing the Americans live longer than Europeans.

Inventions

Englishman William Jessup designs first wagons with flanged wheels.

Education

The first modern chemistry textbook, "Elements of Chemistry," is published by Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794); all illustrations are provided by his wife, Marie.

Education

One of the earliest complaints about a textbook is made by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison against a geography book written by Jedidiah Morse, who object to the popular text’s characterization of the young men of Virginia, as “gamblers, cockfighters, and horse-jockies”.

Education

Higher Education: Georgetown University is established in what is now Washington, D.C.

Ideas

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), English barrister, publishes "An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation."

Washington, Martha

Martha Washington (1731-1802) becomes the nation’s first First Lady. She does not attend her husband''''s presidential inauguration, but joins him several weeks later in New York City, the nation''s first capital.

Adams, Abigail

John Adams (1735-1826) becomes Vice President; serves two terms under George Washington.

Madison, Dolley

Dolley Paine’s (1764-1849) father loses his business in Philadelphia and is expelled from the Pine Street Monthly Meeting for failure to pay his debts.

Economics

Christopher Colles (c.1738-1821) publishes the first American road map.

Economics

Women''s Firsts: Mary Katherine Goddard (1738-1816) opens a Baltimore bookstore, probably the first woman in America to do so.

Daily Life

Chrysanthemums are introduced to Britain from the Orient.

Daily Life

Holidays: Thanksgiving Day is celebrated as a national holiday for the first time.

Daily Life

Magazines: The first periodical designed for children, "The Children’s Magazine," is published in Hartford, CT.

Reform

Temperance Movement: The first organized temperance group is formed by 200 farmers in Connecticut, who pledge not to drink alcoholic beverages during farming season.

Reform

Abolition Movement: The Maryland Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Free Negroes and Others Unlawfully Held in Bondage is founded.

Law

The first session of the Supreme Court takes place.

Government

The Copyright Act is passed with the help of Noah Webster.

Government

Congress gives George Washington (1732-1799) the power to choose the site for the new capitol.

Government

U.S. President George Washington (1732-1799) delivers the first State of the Union address.

Government

New State: Rhode Island becomes the 13th state to ratify the Constitution and join the United States.

Government

Presidents: John Tyler (1790-1862), 10th President of the U.S., is born in Greenway, Virginia.

Medicine

Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) rages against the prevalent practice of bloodletting as a universal cure and founds homeopathy.

Inventions

A foot-powered dental drill is invented by John Greenwood (1760-1819).

Education

Education of Women: Catherine Macaulay’s (1731-1791) "Letters on Education" influences Mary Wollstonecraft’s thinking in "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" (1792).

Education

Public Education: Pennsylvania state constitution calls for free public education but only for poor children. It is expected that rich people will pay for their children's schooling.

Washington, Martha

The Washingtons move to Philadelphia when the capital does.

Madison, Dolley

Dolley Payne (1764-1849) marries John Todd, Jr., a Quaker lawyer, on January 7.

Tyler, Letitia

Letitia Christian (1790-1842), first wife of President John Tyler (1790–1862), is born on her family''''s plantation, Cedar Grove, in Virginia on November 12.

Economics

The first American steam-powered cotton-processing machines are built, marking the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the U.S.

Economics

Population: The first national census shows the American population at 4 million—about 25% in New England, 25% in the Middle States, and 50% in the South.

Religion

The first Roman Catholic bishop consecrated in America is John Carroll (1735-1815) of Baltimore.

Religion

Women’s Firsts: Mother Bernardina Matthews (1732-1800) establishes a Carmelite convent near Port Tobacco, Maryland, and the first community of Roman Catholic nuns in the Thirteen Colonies.

Religion

The first Roman Catholic Bible is published in the U.S. by Mathew Carey.

Social Issues

Immigration: The federal government requires two years of residency for naturalization.

Social Issues

Slavery: The First United States Census reveals that nearly 700,000 slaves live and toil in a nation of 3.9 million people.

Social Issues

Slavery: Congress denies naturalization to anyone who is not a free white.

Social Issues

Slavery: Congress advocates the expansion of slavery into the Southwest.

Reform

Women''s Rights Movement: French philosopher Condorcet (1743-1794) writes "On the Admission of Women to Citizens’ Rights."

Government

The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution (Bill of Rights) are ratified and become known as the Bill of Rights.

Government

Congress passes the first internal revenue law, a tax of 20 to 30 cents on a gallon of distilled spirits.

Government

New State: Vermont becomes the 14th state in the U.S., ending 14 years as a republic.

Government

National Capital: The design of Washington, DC is developed by Pierre-Charles L’Enfant (1754-1825); President Washington (1732-1799) chooses a site along the Potomic River for the federal district; Congress names it the Territory of Columbia and the capital the City of Washington.

Government

Presidents: James Buchanan (1791-1868), 15th President of the U.S., is born April 23 in Cove Gap (near Mercersburg), Pennsylvania.

Science

M.H. Klaproth (1743-1817) names the element titanium.

Education

Higher Education: The Philadelphia Academy becomes the University of Pennsylvania.

Arts and Letters

Opera: The first performance of Mozart’s (1756-1791) "Magic Flute" takes place in Vienna.

Arts and Letters

The first opera house in the U.S. opens in New Orleans.

Ideas

Thomas Paine (1737-1806) writes "The Rights of Man, Part I" in defense of the French Revolution.

Madison, Dolley

Dolley Payne Todd’s father, John Payne, dies; her mother opens a boarding house in Philadelphia.

Jackson, Rachel

Rachel Donelson Robards (1767-1828) marries Andrew Jackson )1767-1845) in New Orleans.

Economics

The first successful sugar refinery is opened in New Orleans.

Economics

American Money: After adoption of the Constitution in 1789, Congress charters the First Bank of the United States until 1811 and authorizes it to issue paper bank notes to eliminate confusion and simplify trade.

Daily Life

Newspapers: The ratification of the Bill of Rights at last guarantees the freedom of the press, and America's newspapers begin to take on a central role in national affairs.

Daily Life

Dancing: The waltz becomes fashionable in England.

Reform

Women''s Rights Movement: The first French feminist magazine, Etrennes nationales des dames is founded on the principle that “women are equal to men in rights and in pleasure.”

Reform

Women's Rights Movement: Etta Palm d’Aelders (1743-1799) speaks before the French National Assembly, promoting equal education for girls and equal rights for women.

Politics

First Political Parties: The Democratic-Republican Party is formed under Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826).

Politics

George Washington (1732-1799) and John Adams (1735-1826) are re-elected President and Vice President of the U.S.

Government

National Capital: The cornerstone of the White House is laid.

Government

A U.S. mint is established in Philadelphia.

Government

New State: Kentucky becomes the 15th state in the U.S.

War

Congress passes a national conscription act to require “each and every free able-bodied white male citizen of the republic” to serve in the U.S. militia.

War

Slavery: Congress excludes blacks from military service.

Arts and Letters

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) begins studying with Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) in Vienna.

Arts and Letters

Architecture: Irish-American architect James Hoban (1762-1831) begins to build the White House in Washington, DC.

Arts and Letters

Women’s Firsts: Dance: Suzanne Vaillande (1778-1826) appears in "The Bird Catcher," in New York, the first ballet presented in the U.S. She was also probably the first woman to work as a choreographer and set designer in the United States.

Ideas

Thomas Paine (1737-1806) writes "The Rights of Man, Part II."

Ideas

Education of Women: Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) writes "A Vindication of the Rights of Women."

Madison, Dolley

Dolley and John Todd, Jr. have a son, John Payne Todd (1792-1852) on February 29. He was later adopted by James Madison after Dolley and Madison were married.

Economics

Twenty-four merchants meet on what is now Wall Street, signing the Buttonwood Agreement, creating the New York Stock Exchange.

Economics

American Money: The federal monetary system is established with the creation of the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia, and dollar coins are minted for the first time in the U.S.

Discovery

The Columbia River is discovered by Captain Robert Gray (1755-1806).

Popular Culture

The French national anthem, "La Marseillaise," is composed by Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle (1760-1836).

Religion

The Baptist Missionary Society is founded in London.

Reform

Women''s Rights Movement: Judith Sargent Murray (1751-1820) begins a series of essays titled "The Gleaner.”

Government

George Washington (1732-1799) and John Adams (1735-1826) are inaugurated as President and Vice President of the U.S.

Government

National Capital: The cornerstone of the Capital Building is laid by President Washington (1732-1799).

Government

Slavery: The Fugitive Slave Act compels escaped slaves to be returned to their masters.

War

French Revolution: The Reign of Terror begins.

Science

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) links fossils with similar living organisms.

Medicine

Epidemics: Yellow fever kills 5,000 people in Philadelphia.

Inventions

Eli Whitney (1765-1825) invents the cotton gin.

Inventions

French engineer Claude Chappe (1763-1805) invents the mechanical semaphore.

Inventions

Women's Firsts: Mrs. Samuel Slater obtains the first patent given to a woman in the U.S. for a method of producing cotton thread.

Education

African American Education: Katy Ferguson (c.1774-1854), an ex-slave, founds her school for the poor in New York City; students include 28 Black children and 20 white children.

Education

Higher Education: African American Education: Lucy Terry Prince (1724-1821) defends her son’s admission to Williams College, eloquently presenting African-American people’s desire for an education.

Arts and Letters

The Louvre in Paris becomes a national art gallery.

Arts and Letters

Poetry: William Wordsworth (1770-1850) publishes his first poems.

Madison, Dolley

A second son, William Temple Todd (1793-1793), is born to Dolley and John Todd, Jr. Several months later, an epidemic of yellow fever takes the life of this baby, as well as that of his father and his paternal grandparents.

Economics

American Money: The first American coins are struck.

Daily Life

The first public zoo opens in Paris.

Daily Life

France becomes the first country to use the metric system.

Popular Culture

Hot Air Balloons: French aeronaut Jean-Pierre Blanchard (1753-1809) makes the first hot air balloon flight over the North American continent.

Religion

Roman Catholicism is banned in France.

Law

The Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution, limiting the power of the federal courts, is passed by Congress.

Government

American Flag: The Act of January 13, 1794 states that15 stripes and 15 stars will be added to the flag after May 1795.

War

The U.S. Navy is established.

Science

Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), English physician, suggests the theory of evolution 50 years before his grandson, Charles Darwin (1809-1882) writes his own theory.

Inventions

The cotton gin is patented by Eli Whitney (1765-1825).

Technology

The first "telegraph"--a visual semaphore system--is developed by Claude Chappe (1763-1805) and established between Paris and Lille in France.

Education

Teacher Education: The Ecole Normale is founded in Paris to educate teachers.

Education

Higher Education: The world’s first technical college, the Ecole Polytechnique, opens in Paris.

Education

"Elements of Geometry," by French mathematician Adrien-Marie Legendre (1752-1833) becomes the standard geometry text in Europe and North America.

Ideas

Thomas Paine (1737-1806) writes "The Age of Reason."

Madison, Dolley

Dolley Payne Todd (1764-1849) is introduced to James Madison (1751-1836) by Aaron Burr (1756-1836) Madison and Dolley Todd are married on September 15 at her sister's estate in what is now West Virginia. Mrs. Madison is disavowed by the Quakers.

Jackson, Rachel

Rachel (1767-1828) and Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) marry a second time in Nashville on January 17.

Economics

The “Whiskey Rebellion”—a protest over the excise tax place on liquor--occurs in Pennsylvania.

Daily Life

Duncan Phyfe (c.1768-1854), a cabinetmaker in New York, brings the elegant Sheraton and Regency furniture styles to the U.S.

Daily Life

Postal rates are usually paid by the person receiving the mail; amount is set by length of distance the mail travels.

Daily Life

Fashion: Men no longer powder their hair.

Popular Culture

The song, "Auld Lang Syne" is published; it was written by Robert Burns (1759-1796) in 1781.

Law

Chief Justices: President George Washington (1732-1799) nominates John Rutledge (1739-1800) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He serves in that position as a recess appointee for four months, but the Senate refuses to confirm him.

Law

The Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution, limiting the power of the federal courts, is ratified by two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution.

Government

The Naturalization Act establishes a five-year residence requirement for citizenship. Members of the nobility entering the U.S. must give up their titles.

Government

The Treaty of San Lorenzo between the U.S. and Spain draws the boundary with Florida and gives the U.S. the right to navigate the Mississippi River.

Government

Presidents: James Knox Polk, 11th President of the U.S., is born in Mecklanburg County, North Carolina.

Science

Martin H. Klaproth (1743-1817) names the element titanium.

Inventions

Robert Fulton (1765-1815) patents the first power-shovel for digging canals.

Technology

Francois Appert (1750-1841) designs a preserving jar for foods.

Education

Higher Education: The University of North Carolina, the first state university in the U.S., accepts its first student, Hinton James.

Education

Public Education: Connecticut sells its land in the Western territories for $1.2 million and uses the proceeds to establish a permanent school fund.

Arts and Letters

The American Academy of Fine Arts holds its first exhibition in Philadelphia.

Economics

Transportation: Railroad History: The first horse-drawn railroad appears in England.

Economics

The metric system is officially adopted in France.

Daily Life

Women’s Firsts: Anne Parrish establishes, in Philadelphia, the House of Industry, the first charitable organization for women in America.

Religion

Freedom of worship is declared in France.

Reform

Labor Movement: The Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers (shoemakers) is founded, one of the earliest unions in the U.S.

Law

Chief Justices: President George Washington (1732-1799) nominates Oliver Ellsworth (1745-1807)as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He is immediately confirmed by the Senate as remains as Chief Justice until his resignation in 1800.

Politics

George Washington (1732-1826) refuses a third term, warns against the dangers of foreign entanglements.

Politics

John Adams (1735-1826)and Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) are elected President and Vice-President.

Government

New State: Tennessee becomes the 16th state in the U.S.

Science

Horace de Saussure (1740-1799) coins the term geology in his work Travels in the Alps.

Medicine

English physician Edward Jenner (1749-1823) introduces vaccination against smallpox.

Technology

James Finley (1768-1822) builds America’s first suspension bridge across Jacob’s Creek in Westmoreland, Pennsylvania.

Technology

Battery Technology: From 1796 - 1799, Alessandro Volta (1745 – 1827) experimented with zinc and silver plates to produce electric currents at the Pavia University. Volta stacked the two to form a "pile", the first "dry" battery.

Arts and Letters

Literature: The first complete works of William Shakespeare (1564-1616) are published in the U.S.

Harrison, Anna

Elizabeth "Betsey" Bassett Harrison Short (1796-1846), the oldest daughter of William Henry and Anna Harrison, is born September 29.

Economics

Zane’s Trace, which becomes one of the main routes traveled by migrants to the west, begins construction.

Daily Life

The elephant is brought to the United States from India.

Sports

Billiards is a popular game in the South.

Government

John Adams (1735-1826) and Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) are inaugurated as President and Vice-President of the United States.

Government

Tennessee Senator William Blount (1749-1800) becomes the first senator to be impeached.

War

The U.S.S. Constitution, “Old Ironsides,” is launched in Boston Harbor.

Medicine

The Royal Society in England rejects Edward Jenner’s (1749-1823) smallpox vaccination technique.

Technology

A washing machine is patented by Nathaniel Briggs.

Technology

America’s first iron plow is patented by Charles Newbold, amid rumors that the iron would poison the soil and increase weeds.

Technology

The vacuum bottle is designed.

Washington, Martha

Martha (1731-1802) and George (1732-1799) Washington retire to their home at Mount Vernon. Martha wrote to a friend, “The General and I feel like children just released from school.”

Madison, Dolley

James (1751-1836) and Dolley Madison (1764-1849) move from Philadelphia to their home at Montpelier, in Orange County, the Virginia piedmont.

Economics

One pound notes are issued for the first time by the Bank of England.

Sports

Hot Air Balloons: The first parachute jump from a balloon is made by Andre-Jacques Garnerin (1770-1823).

Religion

Ann Griffiths (1776-1805) joins the Methodists and begins composing hymns for them.

Religion

The Pocket Hymn Book, containing words but not music, is published; it is widely used at revival camp meetings.

Government

The Federalist majority in Congress adds nine years to the requirement for citizenship.

Government

Congress passes the Alien and Sedition Acts, permitting the arrest and deportation of any “dangerous” alien and restricting political opposition.

Government

The U.S. Public Health Service and the U.S. Marine Hospital is authorized.

Science

Louis Nicholas Vauquelin (1763-1829) discovers the element beryllium.

Medicine

Epidemics: A yellow fever epidemic kills over 2,000 people in Philadelphia.

Medicine

The English dermatologist, Robert Willan (1757 ~ 1812) recognizes psoriasis as an independent disease.

Inventions

German inventor Aloys Senefelder (1771-1834) invents lithography.

Inventions

Eli Whitney (1765-1825) invents a milling machine.

Inventions

Robert Fulton (1765-1815) invents a four-man, hand-operated submarine.

Education

Hannah More (1745-1833) is forced to close her school for working-class children on a trumped-up charge of being an unregistered meeting place for Dissenters.

Arts and Letters

Poetry: "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is published by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834).

Ideas

Thomas R. Malthus (1766-1834) writes his "Essay on the Principle of Population."

Harrison, Anna

John Cleves Symmes Harrison (1798-1830), son of William Henry and Anna Harrison, is born October 28.

Fillmore, Abigail

Abigail Powers (1798-1853), future wife of President Millard Fillmore (1800–1874), is born in Stillwater, New York, on March 13. She is the fourth of ten First Ladies born in New York, the "mother state" of presidential wives.

Popular Culture

Joseph Hopkinson (1770-1842) writes the patriotic song, “Hail Columbia.”

Religion

Catholic women forced to do penance for kindling Sabbath fire for Jews.

Politics

The first U.S. printed ballots were authorized in Pannsylvania.

Government

Congress standardizes U.S. weights and measures.

Government

Gracie Mansion, home of New York City mayors, is completed.

Science

The Rosetta Stone is found near Rosetta, Egypt; when it is translated, it makes the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphics possible.

Technology

Airplanes: Sir George Cayley (1773-1857), a baronet in Yorkshire, near Scarborough, England, conceives a craft with stationary wings to provide lift and "flappers" to provide thrust. It also has a movable tail to provide control.

Education

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) opens his school in Burgdorf, Switzerland.

Education

A 14-year-old boy graduates from Rhode Island College. Such ability among children is not uncommon; infants of 3 are sometimes taught to read Latin as soon as they are taught English.

Washington, Martha

George Washington (1732-1799), first President of the U.S., dies of a throat infection at his home at Mount Vernon.

Monroe, Elizabeth

J.S Monroe (1799-1801), the only son of President James Monroe and Elizabeth Monroe, is born.

Economics

Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804) describes American industry in "Report on the Subject of Manufactures."

Economics

Russia grants the Russian-American Company a monopoly of trade in Alaska.

Discovery

A perfectly preserved mammoth is found in Siberia.

Daily Life

The metric system is established in France.

Social Issues

Slavery: Virginia banishes white mothers of mulattos with their children.

Reform

Labor Movement: The first recorded use of the term scabs, used to refer to those who take the place of striking workers, occurs during a Philadelphia shoemakers’ strike.

Politics

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) is elected the 3rd President of the U.S. and Aaron Burr (1756-1836) is elected the 3rd Vice President.

Government

National Capital: Washington, DC is established as the capital of the United States; Congress meets there for the first time.

Government

The U.S. Congress passes the first bankruptcy law; founding father Robert Morris is released from debtors’ prison.

Government

Spain cedes the Louisiana territory to France.

Government

Congress divides the Northwest Territory into two territories, Indiana and Ohio.

Government

Presidents: Millard Fillmore (1800-1874), 13th President of the U.S., is born in Locke Township (now Summerhill), New York.

Science

William Herschel (1738-1822) discovers infrared light.

Medicine

Benjamin Waterhouse (1754-1846) gives the first smallpox vaccination in the U.S. to his son.

Medicine

Humphry Davy (1778-1829) announces the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide.

Inventions

Railroad History: Oliver Evans (1755-1819), an American, creates the earliest successful non-condensing high pressure stationary steam-engine

Inventions

Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) invents the electric battery.

Inventions

An iron-framed printing press is invented by Charles Stanhope (1753-1816), thus allowing large sheet printing.

Technology

Battery Technology: By 1800 Volta (1745-1827) had created the "crown of cups", a modified arrangement of zinc and silver discs dipped in a salt solution.

Education

Libraries: The Library of Congress is proposed by John Adams.

Arts and Letters

Poetry: William Wordsworth (1770-1850) begins the period known as European Romanticism.

Arts and Letters

Parson Weems (1759-1825) writes "The Life of Washington," creating a number of myths about the first American president.

Arts and Letters

C.B. Brown (1771-1810) publishes "Arthur Mervyn," a realistic description of the yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia that took the lives of Dolley Madison’s husband and infant son.

Adams, Abigail

John Adams (1735-1826) and Abigail Adams (1744-1818) are the first U.S. President and First Lady to actually live in the new capital, Washington, DC. Abigal is also the first wife of a president to live in the White House.

Adams, Abigail

Charles Adams (1770-1800), son of Abigail and John Adams, dies at age 30 of cirrhosis of the liver.

Harrison, Anna

Lucy Singleton Harrison Este (1800-1826), daughter of William Henry and Anna Harrison, is born in September.

Fillmore, Abigail

Abigail Powers' (1898-1853) father, a Baptist minister named Lemuel Powers, dies when she is two.

Economics

Population: The population of Washington, DC is 2,464 free citizens and 623 slaves.

Economics

Population: The second national census puts the U.S. population at 5.3 million, including more than 800,000 slaves.

Economics

William Young of Philadelphia is the first American shoemaker to make different shoes for the left and right feet.

Daily Life

Fireboats are in use in New York harbor.

Sports

Boxing: Bill Richmond (1763-1829), a former slave, becomes one of the first popular boxers.

Popular Culture

Mount Vernon Gardens becomes the site of the first summer theatre in the U.S.

Popular Culture

U.S. Marine Band gives its first concert near the future site of the Lincoln Memorial.

Religion

John Chapman (1774-1845) (Johnny Appleseed) begins spreading religious tracts and apple seeds in pioneer communities in the midwest.

Religion

The Church of the United Brethren in Christ is founded in the U.S.

Religion

The Boston Female Society for Missionary Purposes is founded to fund the education of missionaries, initially male, but later also female.

Social Issues

Slavery: A slave named Gabriel Prosser (1775-1800), believing himself called by God, organizes a plot to kill all whites in Virginia, sparing only Quakers, Methodists, and French. The conspirators meet under the pretense of holding religious meetings.

Reform

Elizabeth Peck Perkins (1735?-1807) founds the Boston Female Asylum, the first charitable institution for women there.

Reform

Utopian Movement: Robert Owen (1771-1858) takes over New Lanark mills in Scotland and begins social reforms there.

Law

Chief Justices: President John Adams (1735-1826) nominates John Marshall (1755-1835) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He serves for 34 years, longer than any other Chief Justice.

Government

Great Britain and Ireland unite, creating the United Kingdom; its flag is the Union Jack.

Government

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) presents his first annual message to Congress in writing.

Government

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) and Aaron Burr (1756-1836) are inaugurated as the 3rd President and Vice President of the U.S.

Government

National Capital: Congress takes jurisdiction over the District of Columbia.

War

North African War: The North African state of Tripoli declares war on the United States to compel the young nation to pay tribute to commerce-raiding Arab corsairs.

Science

The first asteroid is discovered by Italian monk and professor of astronomy Giussepe Piazzi (1746-1826).

Science

J.J. Lalande (1732-1807) catalogues 47,300 stars.

Science

Lamarck (1744-1829) develops a classification system for invertebrate animals.

Inventions

Robert Fulton (1765-1815), civil engineer, produces the first submarine, “Nautilis.”

Inventions

Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) invents the first steam powered locomotive (designed for roads).

Education

Catholic Education: The first Roman Catholic school in New York is established.

Education

Libraries: The Library of Congress is established by a vote of the Congress.

Education

The Royal College of Surgeons is founded in London.

Arts and Letters

In France Napoleon opened the Louvre to the public.

Ideas

German philosopher Friedrich von Schelling (1755-1829) writes "System of Transcendental Idealism," a treatise on the philosophy of nature, which influences the development of Romanticism in Europe.

Adams, Abigail

John (1735-1826) and Abigail (1744-1818) Adams retire to Braintree.

Madison, Dolley

James Madison (1751-1836) becomes Secretary of State and the Madisons move to the new capital, Washington, DC. Dolley Madison (1768-1849) finds herself a social leader in the city.

Madison, Dolley

Dolley Madison (1768-1849) becomes an unofficial White House hostess for Jefferson, whose wife, Martha, died in 1782.

Madison, Dolley

James Madison’s father dies; Madison inherits Montpelier.

Monroe, Elizabeth

J.S Monroe (1799-1801), the only son of President James Monroe and Elizabeth Monroe, dies on September 28 at age two. Cause of death is unknown.

Adams, Louisa

George Washington Adams (1801-1829), son of President John Quincy Adams and Louisa Adams, is born April 12.

Economics

Great Britain’s first complete census finds the population at 11 million, one quarter of it urban.

Discovery

Mastodon fossils are discovered on a New York farm, the first such fossils of the extinct mammal.

Discovery

Lewis and Clark: Lewis (1774-1811) is asked by President Jefferson (1743-1826) to be his secretary-aide.

Daily Life

Newspapers: The New York "Evening Post" is first published.

Religion

The “Plan of Union” permits Congregationalists and Presbyterian ministers to serve in each other’s churches, thus helping to spread Protestantism to frontier communities.

Religion

Catholics are excluded from voting in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Government

National Capitol: Congress passes an act calling for the establishment of a library within the U.S. capitol.

Government

Georgia cedes her western lands to the U.S., the last of the original states to do so.

War

Revolutionary War: The U.S. and Great Britain settle Revolutionary War claims for $2,664,000.

Science

Samuel Hutton explains the natural processes involved in changes in the earth’s crust.

Science

The role of capillaries in pumping blood is explained by Scottish physicist John Leslie.

Science

John Dalton (1766-1844) introduces atomic theory into chemistry.

Science

The term “biology” is coined by German naturalist Gottfried Treviranus (1776-1837).

Medicine

James Smith opens a clinic in Maryland that offers free smallpox vaccinations to the poor.

Education

Higher Education: The U.S. Military Academy at West Point is founded.

Education

Libraries: The Library of Congress issues its first catalog: total holdings, 964 volumes and 9 maps.

Education

Libraries: John Beckley (1757-1807) becomes the first Librarian of Congress; he is paid $2/day.

Ideas

Education of Women: German feminist Amalie Holst publishes "On the Capacity of Women for Higher Education."

Ideas

Daniel Webster (1782-1852) writes "The Rights of Neutral Nations in Time of War."

Washington, Martha

Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (1731-1802) dies of “severe fever” on May 22 at Mt. Vernon.

Harrison, Anna

William Henry Harrison (1802-1838), son of William Henry and Anna Harrison, is born September 3.

Economics

Merino sheep are imported to the U.S. from Spain.

Discovery

Matthew Flinders (1744-1814) lands on a 96-mile-long island south-west of Adelaide and slaughtered 31 kangaroos for a feast. This 3rd largest island off Australia was thus named Kangaroo Island.

Sports

Horse Racing: New York State prohibits public horse races, only allowing them at private jockey clubs.

Popular Culture

The first comic book, "The Wasp," is published.

Popular Culture

The first chess book, "Chess Made Easy," is published in Philadelphia.

Religion

"The Genius of Christianity," by Chateaubriand (1768-1848), attempts to answer the attacks of the Enlightenment by stressing its role in the growth of European culture.

Reform

Labor Movement: The first important labor law protecting children is passed in Great Britain.

Law

In "Marbury v. Madison," the U.S. Supreme Court declares a law passed by Congress to be unconstitutional, thereby establishing the principle of judicial review.

Law

The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution, providing for separate ballots for President and Vice President, is passed by Congress.

Government

New State: Ohio becomes the 17th state in the U.S. on March 1.

Government

Land from the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and including Louisiana and New Orleans, is purchased from France for $27 million; the U. S. Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase.

Science

John Dalton (1766-1844) arranges the atomic elements in a periodic table for the first time.

Science

John James Audubon (1785-1851) does the first banding of wild American birds.

Medicine

A detailed description of hemophilia is published by Pennsylvania physician John C. Otto (1774-1844).

Medicine

German pharmacist Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner (1783-1841) makes morphine from opium. Physicians are delighted that opium has been tamed. Morphine is lauded for its reliability and safety.

Inventions

Robert Fulton (1765-1815) powers a boat with steam.

Education

Alexander I of Russia (1777-1825) establishes free, universal education.

Education

The Englishman, Joseph Lancaster (1778-1838) writes "Improvements in Education as it Respects the Industrious Classes." His ideas will be known as the Lancastrian Method.

Education

Education of Women: Maria Dalle Donne (1778-1842) is appointed director of midwives at the University of Bologna, often lecturing in her own home.

Monroe, Elizabeth

Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur (1803-1850), daughter of President James Monroe and Elizabeth Monroe, is born in France. She was the first presidential child to be married in the White House.

Adams, Louisa

John Adams II (1803-1834), son of President John Quincy Adams and Louisa Adams, is born on the 4th of July.

Polk, Sarah

Sarah Childress (1803-1891), future wife of James K. Polk (1795-1849) is born on a plantation near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Economics

The population of India is estimated at 200 million, about the same size as all of Europe.

Discovery

Lewis and Clark: Lewis (1774-1811) is picked to be the commander of the expedition; he writes to ask William Clark (1770-1838) to join him and share command. Clark accepts.

Daily Life

Jane Aitkin (1764-1832), American printer, bookseller, and bookbinder, publishes the constitution of the Philadelphia Female Association.

Religion

Missionary Peter Cartwright (1785-1872) begins 50 years of circuit riding and preaching on the American frontier.

Social Issues

Native Americans: Louisiana Purchase brings a greater number of trading posts into Indian Territory.

Social Issues

Slavery: Ohio is admitted to the Union as a free state.

Social Issues

Slavery: Denmark becomes the first country to ban slave trade.

Law

The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution, providing for separate ballots for President and Vice President, is ratified by two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution.

Politics

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) is re-elected President of the U.S., and George Clinton (1739-1812) is elected as the 4th Vice President of the U.S.

Government

Napoleon Bonaparte (1869-1821) is crowned Emperor of France.

Government

Presidents: Franklin Pierce (1804-1869), 14th President of the U.S., is born in Hillsborough (now Hillsboro), New Hampshire.

War

North African War: Barbary pirates in Tripoli seize and hold the U.S. frigate Philadelphia; Stephen Decatur (1779-1820) and a small group of men destroy it.

Inventions

Railroad History: Matthew Murray of Leeds (1765-1826) , England invents a steam locomotive which runs on timber rails. This is probably the FIRST RAILROAD ENGINE.

Inventions

Railroad History: Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) of Cornwall builds 40 psi steam locomotive for the Welsh Penydarran Railroad.

Technology

Airplanes: Sir George Cayley (1773-1857), England, builds a miniature glider with a single wing and a movable tail mounted on a universal joint. It also has a movable weight to adjust the center of gravity. It is the first recorded fixed-wing aircraft of any size capable of flight.

Technology

John C. Stevens (c.1748-1838) builds a screw-driven boat.

Technology

A method of canning food is developed.

Technology

Shrapnel, named after British soldier Henry Shrapnel (1761-1842), is used for the first time by the British in a war with the Dutch in Africa.

Education

Libraries: “Coonskin Libraries” come into being in Marietta, Ohio when settlers on the Ohio River barter coonskins for books from Boston merchants.

Education

Children''s Books: Ann (1782-1866) and Jane (1783-1824) Taylor of England write stories, nursery rhymes, and hymns; their best-known work is “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star.”

Education

The first Board of Education in New York City comes into being.

Arts and Letters

Beethoven’s (1770-1827) "Third Symphony" (the "Eroica") establishes the symphony as a premier form of classical music.

Madison, Dolley

A portrait of Dolley Madison (1764-1849) is painted by Gilbert Stuart (1764-1849).

Harrison, Anna

John Scott Harrison (1804-1878), son of William Henry and Anna Harrison, is born October 4.

Jefferson, Martha

Mary "Polly" "Maria" Jefferson Eppes (1778-1804), daughter of Thomas and Martha Jefferson, dies from childbirth complications on April 17 at the age of 25.

Discovery

Lewis and Clark: President Thomas Jefferson commissions Merriweather Lewis (1774-1809) and William Clark (1770-1838) to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory and begin their journey; Sacajawea (1787-1812), the Shoshoni Indian wife of a French-Canadian trader, is one of their guides.

Daily Life

The first dahlias appear in England.

Daily Life

Bananas are imported from Cuba.

Sports

Women in Sports: Horse Racing: The first woman jockey was Alicia Meynell of England. She first competed in a four-mile race in York, England.

Social Issues

Slavery: Ohio passes black laws to deter runaway slaves from settling in the state.

Social Issues

Slavery: In Pennsylvania, the Underground Railroad is officially established.

Social Issues

Native Americans: The Sioux and other tribes encounter the Lewis (1774-1809) and Clark (1770- 1838) expedition.

Government

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) is inaugurated for his second term as President, and George Clinton (1739-1812) is inaugurated for his first term as Vice President.

Government

The Michigan Territory is created from the northern part of the Indiana Territory.

War

Admiral Horatio Nelson (1758-1805) defeats the French in the Battle of Trafalgar, making Great Britain the leading naval power in the world.

Science

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850)proves that water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.

Medicine

The syndrome later called “shell shock” or “battle fatigue” is described by Richard Gallagher.

Technology

Rockets, originally constructed by Sir William Congreave (1772-1828), are reintroduced as weapons into the British army.

Technology

The first covered bridge is built in the U.S. over the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia.

Education

Public Education: New York Public School Society is formed by wealthy businessmen to provide education for poor children. Schools are run on the "Lancasterian" model, in which one "master" can teach hundreds of students in a single room. The master gives a rote lesson to the older students, who then pass it down to the younger students. These schools emphasize discipline and obedience qualities that factory owners want in their workers.

Education

Public Education: New York State creates a permanent school fund.

Education

Johann Pestalozzi (1746-1827) opens his school in Yverdon, Switzerland.

Arts and Letters

The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts is organized.

Arts and Letters

Poetry: "The Lay of the Last Minstrel," by Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832), is the first full-length narrative poem in the Romantic tradition.

Economics

Shipping ice to Martinique in the West Indies becomes a profitable business.

Discovery

Lewis and Clark: On November 24, by majority vote, the expedition decides to cross to the south side of the Columbia River to build winter quarters.

Discovery

Lewis and Clark: The expedition reaches the three forks of the Missouri River, then on to Montana and the Columbia River, 20 miles from the Pacific Ocean.

Sports

Women in Sports: Hot Air Balloons: Madeleine Sophie Armant Blanchard solos in the first of 67 gas-powered balloon flights. She made her living as a balloonist, was appointed official Aeronaut of the Empire by Napoleon, and toured Europe until she fell to her death in an aerial fireworks display in 1819.

Sports

Women in Sports: Horse Racing: Englishwoman Alicia Meynell, riding as Mrs. Thornton, defeats a leading male jockey, Buckle, in a race.

Sports

Boxing: Tom Cribb (1781-1848), the champion of English bare-knuckle boxers, first enters the ring.

Popular Culture

Ludwig Achim von Arnim (1781-1831), German folklorist, publishes Des Knaben Wunderhorn, setting the stage for the work of the Brothers Grimm.

Religion

Slavery: Virginia allows slaves to accompany white masters to religious services presided over by white preachers.

Government

The abdication of Emperor Francis II (1768-1835) signals the end of the Holy Roman Empire.

Government

Holland becomes a kingdom ruled by Louis Bonaparte (1778-1846).

War

The British seize the colony of Capetown in Africa from the French-dominated Dutch.

Medicine

Morphine becomes the first drug to be isolated from a plant.

Technology

Coal gas is first used for lighting at Newport, Rhode Island.

Education

Noah Webster (1758-1843) publishes "The Compendious Dictionary of the English Language," which becomes the recognized authority on American English. The letters i and j and u and v are established as separate letters.

Arts and Letters

Poetry: Lord Byron (1788-1824) privately publishes "Fugitive Pieces," which is immediately suppressed by the Church of England on grounds of immorality.

Jefferson, Martha

James Madison Randolph (1806-), the grandson of Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), is the first child born in the White House.

Pierce, Jane

Jane Means Appleton (1806-1863), future wife of President Franklin Pierce (1804-1869), is born March 12 in Hampton, New Hampshire.

Harrison, Anna

Benjamin Harrison (1806-1840), son of William Henry and Anna Harrison, is born.

Discovery

Lewis and Clark: January 4, President Jefferson welcomes a delegation of Missouri, Oto, Arikara, and Yankton Sioux chiefs who had met with Lewis (1774-1811) and Clark more than a year earlier.

Discovery

Lewis and Clark: March 23, Fort Clatsop is presented to the Clatsop Indian, for which it was named, and the expedition begins the journey home.

Discovery

Lewis and Clark: In the fall, Lewis (1774-1811) and Clark (1770-1838) are treated as national heroes. They return to Washington, D.C. The men receive double pay and 320 acres of land as reward, the captains get 1,600 acres. Lewis is named governor of the Louisiana Territory, Clark is made Indian agent for the West and brigadier general of the territory's militia.

Discovery

Zebulon Pike (1779-1813) identifies the Colorado peak that will eventually bear his name.

Discovery

Mungo Park’s (1771-1806) final Niger River expedition ends tragically when he and several other are attacked and killed by African tribesmen.

Sports

Horse Racing: “Yankee” becomes the first horse to trot a mile in under 3 minutes.

Politics

Scandal: Aaron Burr (1756-1836), Vice President under Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), is arrested for treason for planning to invade Mexico; he is later acquitted of all charges.

Government

In an effort to punish Great Britian for impressing American sailors, Congress passes the Embargo Act, which prohibits American vessels from landing in any foreign port without the express authorization of the President.

War

War of 1812: The U.S. frigate "Chesapeake" fires on the British man-of-war Leopard in conflict over the impressments of sailors.

Science

Potassium and sodium are discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy (1778-1829).

Science

A huge meteor lands in Connecticut.

Inventions

Isaac de Rivas makes a hydrogen gas powered vehicle - first with internal combustion power, however it is a very unsuccessful design.

Technology

London streets are lit by gas light.

Technology

Robert Fulton’s (1765-1815) paddle steamer, the Clermont, navigates on the Hudson River.

Education

Children''s Books: Charles (1775-1834) and Mary (1764-1847) Lamb publish "Tales from Shakespeare," a collection of children’s stories based on the plays.

Education

Libraries: The Athenaeum Library is founded in Boston.

Arts and Letters

Architecture: Napoleon (1769-1821) commissions the construction of the Arch de Triumphe.

Van Buren, Hannah

Abraham Van Buren (1807-1873), son of Martin and Hannah Van Buren is born on November 27.

Adams, Louisa

Charles Frances Adams (1807-1886), son of President John Quincy Adams and Louisa Adams, is born on August 18.

Economics

Transportation: The first steamboat with regular passenger service is instituted by Robert Fulton's Clermont (1765-1815).

Economics

Transportation: Railroad History: The very first passenger train runs from Swansea to Mumbles in England on March 25th.

Economics

The manufacture of clocks with interchangeable parts is begun in Connecticut by Seth Thomas (1785-1859) and Eli Terry (1772-1852).

Discovery

Zebulon Pike (1779-1813) leads first Anglo American expedition into New Mexico. He publishes account of way of life in New Mexico upon return to U.S.

Daily Life

Townsend Speakman 1st sells fruit-flavored carbonated drinks in Philadelphia

Daily Life

Townsend Speakman sells first fruit-flavored carbonated drinks in Philadelphia

Sports

Horse Racing: The first Ascot Gold Cup in horse racing is held in England.

Religion

The U.S. Evangelical Association, founded by Jacob Albright (1759-1808), holds its first convention.

Social Issues

Slavery: England prohibits the African slave trade.

Reform

Women's Suffrage Movement: New Jersey revokes the right of women to vote which it had granted in 1776.

Law

"The American Law Journal," America’s earliest law periodical, is published.

Politics

James Madison (1751-1836) is elected as the 4th President of the U.S., defeating Charles Pickney; George Clinton (1739-1812)is reelected as Vice President.

Government

Presidents: Andrew Johnson (1808-1875), 17th President of the U.S., is born December 29 in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Government

Slavery: The United States bans slave trade that involves importing African slaves, but smuggling continues.

Science

Sir Humphrey Davy (1778-1829) discovers the elements boron and strontium.

Inventions

Railroad History: Trevithick (1771-1833) builds a circular railway in London's Torrington Square. Steam carriage "Catch Me Who Can" weighes 10 tons and makes 15 mph.

Education

Higher Education: Andover Theological Seminary is established.

Education

Education of Women: Catholic Education: Elizabeth Seton (1774-1821) establishes a school for girls in Baltimore, Maryland.

Arts and Letters

Drama: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1837) publishes the first section of his Romantic epic, "Faust," in Germany.

Arts and Letters

Beethoven (1770-1827) composes the "Fifth" and the "Pastoral" Symphonies.

Ideas

Women''s Rights Movement: Charles Fourier’s (1772-1837) "Theory of the Four Movements" relates social progress to the progress of women toward freedom.

Madison, Dolley

Dolley Madison (1768-1849) accompanies her husband in his campaign for the presidency, influencing many with her charm and tact.

Jackson, Rachel

Andrew Jackson Jr. (1808-1865), Andrew and Rachel Jackson's adopted son (he was one of the pair of twins born to a sibling of Rachel Jackson), is born and named after his new father.

Economics

John Jacob Astor (1763-1848) incorporates the American Fur Company with himself as the sole stockholder.

Discovery

Extensive excavations begin at Pompeii and last until 1815.

Discovery

The source of the Ganges River is discovered.

Daily Life

Newspapers: The "Times" of London sends Henry Crabb Robinson (1775-1867) as the first war correspondent to cover Napoleon’s (1769-1821) campaign in Spain.

Religion

Napoleon (1769-1821) abolishes the Inquisition in Spain and Italy.

Religion

Women''s Firsts: Jane Aitken (1764-1832) publishes the only Bible ever printed by a woman in the U.S. up to this date.

Religion

The first Bible Society is established in Philadelphia.

Government

James Madison (1751-1836)is inaugurated as the nation's fourth President and George Clinton is inaugurated as the continuing Vice President.

Government

The Illinois Territory, including what is now Wisconsin, is established.

Government

Presidents: Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), 16th President of the U.S. is born February 12 in Hardin (now Larue) County, Kentucky.

War

Indian Wars: General William Henry Harrison (1773-1841) obtains over 3 million acres of Indian lands with the Treaty of Fort Wayne.

Science

The first detailed geological survey of the United States is published by William McClure.

Inventions

The steamboat is patented by Robert Fulton (1765-1815).

Inventions

Airplanes: The first successful glider is built in England.

Technology

Women's Firsts: The first patent given to a woman was to Mary Kies of Connecticut, for a technique for weaving straw with silk and thread.

Arts and Letters

Architecture: Neoclassicism emerges as a dominant force in British architecture with the construction of Covent Garden Theatre.

Madison, Dolley

Dolley Madison (1768-1849) becomes the first First Lady to attend her husband's inauguration and the first to host an inaugural ball.

Harrison, Anna

Mary Symmes Harrison Thornton (1809-1842), daughter of William Henry and Anna Harrison is born January 22.

Adams, Louisa

John Quincy Adams (1767-1848) is appointed American minister to Russia.

Economics

The U.S. resumes trade with all countries except Britain and France.

Economics

The "Phoenix" becomes the first sea-going steamship, traveling from New York to Philadelphia.

Daily Life

Newspapers: The first newspaper published west of the Mississippi River, the "Missouri Gazette," is published in St. Louis.

Sports

Cricket: The first cricket club is founded in Boston.

Popular Culture

Washington Irving (1783-1859) writes "Rip van Winkle."

Religion

Napoleon (1769-1821) annexes the Papal States and takes Pope Pius VII prisoner.

Religion

Elizabeth Seton (1774-1821) founds the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph in the U.S.

Reform

The African Female Benevolent Society of Newport (RI) is founded.

Politics

Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) emerges as a major figure in South American politics.

Government

Chile declares its independence from Spain.

War

Southerners revolt against Spanish rule in West Florida; the U.S. annexes the area.

Science

John Dalton (1766-1844) publishes "New System of Chemical Philosophy," the foundation for modern chemistry.

Science

Charles Bell’s (1744-1842) "Anatomy of the Brain," studies the difference between sensory and motor nerves.

Science

Nicotine is identified and named after Jean Nicot (c.1530-1600), who sent tobacco back to France.

Medicine

The first American book on pediatrics, "The Maternal Physician," is published in Philadelphia.

Medicine

The field of homeopathy is founded by German physician Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) ; it is not called by this name until 1826.

Technology

Airplanes: Sir George Cayley (1773-1857) tries three times to organize an aeronautical society to study the problem of flight, but finds little interest among scientists.

Education

Yale Medical School is established.

Education

Parochial Education: Elizabeth Seton (1774-1821) and her community of sisters founds the first American Catholic parochial school in Emmitsburg, Maryland.

Education

Education of Women: German feminist and educator Betty Gleim publishes "On the Upbringing and Instruction of the Female Sex."

Arts and Letters

Literature: Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) writes "Lady of the Lake."

Arts and Letters

The Philharmonic Society in Boston is organized by Gottlieb Graupner (1767-1836).

Arts and Letters

The San Carlo Opera House is built in Naples, Italy.

Arts and Letters

American Theatre: During this year, English stars begin to come in larger numbers to U.S.

Van Buren, Hannah

John Van Buren (1807-1873), son of Martin and Hannah Van Buren is born February 18.

Johnson, Eliza

Eliza McCardle (1810-1876), future wife of President Andrew Johnson (1808–1875), is born October 4th in Leesburg, Tennessee.

Economics

Population: The U.S. population is about 7,239,881, including 60,000 immigrants and about 1.2 million slaves; New York City becomes the largest city in the U.S.

Economics

Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877) founds a ferry service between New York City and Staten Island.

Economics

The American cotton crop exceeds 175,000 bales; American cotton mills quadruple in one year to 269.

Sports

The first public billiards rooms open in London.

Sports

Boxing: Tom Molineaux (1784-1818), a freed Virginia slave and the first unofficial heavy-weight boxing champion, is defeated in the 40th round in a match in England.

Popular Culture

The first American county fair (a cattle show) is held in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.

Religion

The Cumberland Presbytery in Kentucky is excluded from the Presbyterian Church.

Religion

The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions is established, beginning a wide missionary effort in the U.S.

Social Issues

Native Americans: The Shawnee, under Tecumseh (1768-1813), begin to establish a tribal confederacy to preserve their lands and culture.

Social Issues

Abortion: Abortion is made a criminal offense in France.

Government

Scandal: U.S. Senator Timothy Pickering (1745-1829) becomes the first senator to be censured when he reveals confidential documents communicated by the President of the United States (John Adams).

Government

The Prince of Wales, later George IV (1762-1830), becomes Prince Regent of England after George III (1738-1820) is declared insane.

War

Indian Wars: William Henry Harrison (1773-1841), Governor of the Indiana Territories, defeats Indians under Tecumseh (1768-1813) at Tippecanoe, IN.

Science

Iodine is isolated by French chemist Bernard Courtois (1777-1838).

Science

William Herschel (1738-1822) suggests that a nebula is an early stage in the development of a galaxy.

Science

Mary Anning (1799-1847), British geologist, at age 12 is involved in the finding of the first identifiable icthyosaurus and later of a plesiosaur.

Medicine

Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842) writes "New Idea of the Anatomy of the Brain."

Education

Education of Women: Sarah Pierce (1767-1852), founder of the Litchfield Academy, publishes "Sketches of Universal History Compiled from Several Authors: For the Use of Schools."

Education

African American Education: Christopher McPherson (c.1763-?) , a free African American, opens a school for other free Blacks and slaves in Richmond, Virginia. Local white citizens, not only close the school as a public nuisance, but they also send him to the Williamsburg Lunatic Asylum.

Arts and Letters

Literature: Jane Austen (1775-1817) writes "Sense and Sensibility."

Taylor, Margaret

Anne Margaret Mackell Taylor Wood (1811-1875), daughter of Zachary and Margaret Taylor, is born April 9.

Adams, Louisa

Louisa Catherine Adams (1811-1812), the only daughter of John Quincy and Louisa Adams, is born.

Economics

Work begins on the Cumberland Road at Cumberland, Maryland; the road reaches Vandalia, Illinois in 1840, at a cost of $7 million, and becomes an important route for the westward expansion of the U.S.

Discovery

The eastern coast of Africa is explored by English naval captain Philip Beaver.

Daily Life

Disasters: Earthquakes beginning on December 16 cause the Mississippi River to flow upstream for several hours; the town of New Madrid, Missouri, is pushed into the river.

Sports

Women in Sports: Golf: On January 9, the first known women’s golf tournament is held at Musselburgh Golf Club, Scotland, among the town fishwives.

Sports

Competitive rowing races are popular; a race between Knickerbocker of New York City and Invincible of Long Island attracts thousands; Knickerbocker wins.

Religion

The “Great Schism” of Welsh Protestants occurs; two thirds leave the Anglican Church.

Religion

The Presbyterian Church in the U. S. formally states its support for “pious females,” who had begun organizing independent, female-run benevolent societies to support foreign and domestic missionaries, teachers, and doctors.

Reform

Labor Movement: “Luddites” destroy weaving machines in North England, trying to prevent conversion from hand looms.

Politics

James Madison (1751-1836) is re-elected to a second term as President of the U.S. and Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814) is elected the nation's 5th Vice President.

Politics

The term gerrymander is coined, meaning the practice of dividing a geographic area into voting districts in such a way that one political party is given unfair advantage in an election. The practice is named for Elbridge Gerry, who first thought of doing it, and salamander, because the original voting district resulting from the practice looked like a salamander.

Government

New State: Louisiana becomes the 18th state in the U.S.

Government

George Clinton (1729-1812), 4th Vice President of the United States, dies in office. He is not replaced until the general election in the fall, when Elbridge Gerry is elected.

War

War of 1812: The U.S. declares war on Britain.

War

War of 1812: The U.S. frigate Constitution, Old Ironsides, defeats the British ship Guerriere.

Science

Georges Couvier (1769-1832) discovers that fossils follow an increasing age sequence as one probes deeper into layers of rock and soil.

Medicine

Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) publishes "Medical Inquiries and Observation Upon the Diseases of the Mind."

Medicine

Physician James Thatcher publishes a book about rabies.

Technology

Transportation: Transportation technology is advanced by Scotsman Henry Bell (1767-1830) with his new steamboat, the three-horsepower Comet, which sails on the River Clyde.

Education

Children''s Books: The Brothers Grimm--Jacob (1785-1863) and Wilhelm (1786-1859)-- publish their "Fairy Tales," which include Tom Thumb, Little Red-Riding Hood, Bluebeard, Snow White, and Cinderella.

Arts and Letters

The final shipment of Elgin Marbles—a group of ancient sculptures and architectural details from the Parthenon obtained from the Turks by Lord Elgin (1776-1841)—arrives in England from Greece, giving Londoners their first taste of original classical Greek art.

Arts and Letters

Poetry: Lord Byron (1788-1824) writes "Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage."

Ideas

German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Hegel (1770-1831) publishes "Die Objektive Logik."

Madison, Dolley

White House Wedding: At the first wedding in the White House, Dolley Madison's (1768-1849) widowed sister, Lucy Payne Washington (1777?-1846), is married to Supreme Court Justice Thomas Todd.

Adams, Louisa

Louisa Catherine Adams (1811-1812), the only daughter of John Quincy and Louisa Adams, dies in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Van Buren, Hannah

Martin Van Buren (1812-1855), son of Martin and Hannah Van Buren, is born December 20.

Harrison, Anna

Carter Bassett Harrison (1812-1839), son of William Henry and Anna Harrison, is born October 26.

Economics

Transportation: Railroad History: The first commercially successful steam locomotives, using the Blenkinsop rack and pinion drive, commenced operation on the Middleton Railway.

Economics

The manufacture of lead pencils begins.

Economics

The City Bank of New York opens, the forerunner of today’s Citibank.

Economics

Transportation: The first steamboat to sail down the Mississippi River reaches New Orleans in January.

Economics

Large-scale drug production begins in Philadelphia.

Discovery

Swiss historian J.L. Burckhardt (1773-1825) discovers the Great Temple at Abu Simbel in Egypt.

Discovery

Lewis and Clark: On December 20th Sacagawea (1790-1812/1884) dies at Fort Manuel. Clark (1770-1838), who is in St. Louis, assumes custody of Jean Baptiste, as well as her daughter, Lisette.

Popular Culture

The present Drury Lane Theatre in London is built.

Religion

Elizabeth Seton (1774-1821) formally establishes the Sisters of Charity, the first Catholic sisterhood founded in America, from her earlier community (1809).

Religion

Women''s Firsts: Ann Nancy Hesseltine Judson and Harriet Newell are the first two American women sent abroad as missionaries.

Religion

Mother Catherine Spaulding (1793-1858) founds the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth, Kentucky, a home-visiting order of nurses and teachers.

Government

James Madison (1751-1836) is inaugurated to a second term as President of the U.S. and Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814) is inaugurated as the nation's 5th Vice President.

War

War of 1812: U.S. forces capture York (now Toronto); the British seize Fort Niagara and burn Buffalo, NY; the British blockade coastal ports.

War

War of 1812: The Battle of Lake Erie (under Captain Oliver Hazard Perry) and the Battle of the Thames (Ontario) provide two victories for the Americans.

Inventions

Railroad History: Englishman William Hedley (1773-1843) builds and patents a railroad locomotive which can haul 10 coal wagons at 5 mph, equal to 10 horses.

Inventions

J.F. Hummel patents rubber.

Education

Higher Education: Colby College in Maine is founded.

Education

Higher Education: McGill University in Montreal, Canada, is founded.

Arts and Letters

The London Philharmonic Society is founded.

Arts and Letters

Poetry: Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1827) completes his first major work, "Queen Mab"—an anti-religious work, at the age of 21.

Arts and Letters

Literature: Jane Austen (1775-1817) writes "Pride and Prejudice."

Adams, Abigail

Nabby Adams Smith (1765-1813), daughter of Abigail and John Adams, dies on August 15, of cancer.

Madison, Dolley

Dolley Madison (1764-1849) serves ice cream for the first time in the White House at the second Inaugural Ball.

Harrison, Anna

Anna Tuthill Harrison Taylor (1813-1845), daughter of William Henry and Anna Harrison, is born October 28.

Economics

Francis Cabot Lowell (1775-1817) first employs young women workers to work at the spinning frames and looms at his mill in Waltham, Massachusetts; living in boardinghouses established by Lowell, they became the first large-scale women’s labor force in America.

Daily Life

Newspapers: An editorial in the Troy (NY) Post first uses the nickname, “Uncle Sam,” as a symbolic reference to the United States.

Daily Life

The Grand Freemason Lodge is founded in the U.S.

Daily Life

Dancing: The waltz becomes popular in Europe.

Daily Life

The game of craps is first introduced into New Orleans, adapted from a French dice game called “hazards.”

Popular Culture

Johann Rudolf Wyss (1782-1830) completes "The Swiss Family Robinson."

Religion

The Methodist Missionary Society is founded.

Religion

A choirbook is composed for use in the Spanish missions of the southwest.

Religion

American nun Mother Mary Rhodes (1782-1853) founds the Sisters of Loretto in Kentucky after establishing two other communities for women west of the Allegheny Mountains.

Reform

Labor Movement: Leaders of the anti-technology Luddite movement in England are sentenced to hanging or deportation.

Government

Elbridge Gerry, 5th Vice President of the United Sates, dies in office; he is not replaced until the election of 1816, when Daniel D. Tompkins is elected.

War

National Capital: War of 1812: The British burn the White House, the Capital, and many other buildings in Washington, DC.

War

War of 1812: The Treaty of Ghent ends the British-American War on December 24. The Treaty returned conditions between the two countries to those that existed before the war began. Neither side achieved a clear victory.

Science

Massachusetts physician Jacob Bigelow (1786-1879) publishes "Flora Bostoniensis," the standard botany manual for years.

Inventions

Railroad History: George Stephenson (1781-1848), British inventor, invents the first steam locomotive, which is used instead of horses and mules to haul coal.

Inventions

The metronome is invented in Vienna by J.N. Maelzel (1772-1838).

Inventions

Eli Terry (1772-1852) invents a 30-hour shelf clock that uses interchangeable parts.

Inventions

Railroad History: Englishman George Stephenson (1781-1841) builds Blucher, his first railway engine. Pulls 30 tons at 4 mph, but is not efficient.

Education

Libraries: Although the Library of Congress is destroyed when the British burn Washington, DC, Congress decides to start over by purchasing Thomas Jefferson’s (1743-1826) personal library.

Arts and Letters

Franz Schubert (1797-1828) begins composing Lieder, lyrical songs in the Romantic tradition.

Arts and Letters

Literature: Jane Austen (1775-1817) publishes the novel "Mansfield Park," creating the character of Fanny Brice.

Madison, Dolley

Dolley Madison (1764-1849) is responsible for saving the famous Peale portrait of George Washington, hanging in the White House, and the Declaration of Independence, from the British when they invade the capital. She leaves the city just ahead of the British troops, who then burn Washington, DC.

Taylor, Margaret

Sarah Knox Taylor Davis (1814-1835), daughter of Zachary and Margaret Taylor, is born March 6.

Fillmore, Abigail

Abigail Powers (Fillmore) (1798-1853) begins teaching in New Hope at age 16.

Harrison, Anna

James Findlay Harrison (1814-1817), is the last son born to William Henry and Anna Harrison.

Economics

Francis Cabot Lowell (1775-1817) opens the first totally mechanized factory for processing raw cotton into finished cloth.

Daily Life

The term grapefruit is used for the first time in print, perhaps because its clusters resemble those of grapes.

Daily Life

Gas street lamps are installed in the first neighborhood—St. Margarets, Westminster, in London.

Daily Life

Newspapers: The "London Times" begins to be printed by a steam-operated press.

Popular Culture

Frances Scott Key (1779-1843) writes a poem about the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812 called “Defense of Fort McHenry.” It is later set to music and becomes “The Star Spangled Banner.”

Popular Culture

Children’s Books: Johann David Wyss (1743-1818) added religious piety to the Rousseauian influence in his "The Swiss Family Robinson"(German original 1812-1813); first edited and translated for English readers by William (1756-1836) and Mary (1797-1851) Godwin.

Religion

Pope Pius VII (1740-1823) returns to Rome and restores the Inquisition.

Religion

Elizabeth Seton’s (1774-1821) Sisters of Charity take charge of orphanages in Philadelphia (and later, in 1817, in New York City), establishing the first Catholic orphanages in America.

Social Issues

Native Americans: War of 1812: General Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) leads his troops to victory over the Creek Indians allied with Britain in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Alabama), thus destroying all future Creek power in the West.

Government

National Capital: The Capitol Building and the White House are rebuilt after the burning of Washington, DC.

War

The first steam warship, the U.S.S. Fulton is built.

War

U.S. naval hero Stephen Decatur (1779-1820) stops attacks by Algerian pirates by threatening to bomb Algiers.

War

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) defeats the British at the Battle of New Orleans, fought two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent is signed.

Science

Sophie Germain (1776-1831) is awarded a gold medal from the Institute of France for her essay on elasticity.

Medicine

The Apothecaries Act in Britain bans the practice of medicine by unqualified doctors.

Inventions

A harder, smoother road surface made of crushed stones is invented by John McAdam (1756-1836).

Inventions

Davy invents the safety lamp for miners.

Inventions

Railroad History: Stephenson's (1781-1841) second engine: 6 wheels and a multitubular boiler.

Inventions

Railroad History: Englishman Julius Griffiths patents a passenger road locomotive.

Education

Libraries: Thomas Jefferson sells his book collection to the Library of Congress after its original collection was destroyed by the British army.

Education

Sunday school education is promoted in Boston.

Education

Education of Women: Margaret Bryan publishes An Astronomical and Geographical Class Book for Schools based on her girls’ school lectures.

Arts and Letters

The Biedermeier period in art and furniture design begins.

Arts and Letters

Magazines: "The North American Review" is established in Boston, soon to be the foremost literary journal in the U.S.

Tyler, Letitia

Mary Tyler Jones (1815-1848), is the first daughter born to John and Letitia Christian Tyler on April 15.

Economics

Leading imports in the United States are woolen and cotton items, sugar, and coffee. The leading export is cotton.

Daily Life

Transportation: The Conestoga wagon becomes a major method of transportation, especially among those headed west.

Daily Life

Dancing: A French ballroom dance, the quadrille, becomes fashionable among the English aristocracy.

Reform

Women's Rights Movement: The 1815 edition of the Brockhaus Conversations-Lexikon lays out the division of the sexes: “Man obtains, woman sustains . . . man resists fate itself and defies force, even in defeat. Woman, however, submits willingly and finds comfort and succor, even in her tears.”

Law

The right to review state court decisions is affirmed by the Supreme Court.

Politics

James Monroe (1758-1831) is elected 5th President of the U.S. and Daniel Tomkins (1774-1825) is elected as the nation's 6th Vice President.

Government

New State: Indiana becomes the 19th state in the U.S.

Government

The U.S. Congress passes the first protective tariffs.

Science

The first book on mineralogy in the U.S., "Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology," is published by Parker Cleaveland (1780-1858).

Medicine

Epidemics: Ireland suffers a typhus epidemic that kills about a quarter of its population.

Inventions

The stethoscope is invented by French physician R. T. Laennec (1781-1826).

Inventions

The kaleidoscope is invented by Sir David Brewster (1781-1868).

Education

German educator Friedrich Frobel (1782-1852) moves his first educational community from Griesheim to Keilau, Thuringia.

Education

Children’s Books: "A Merry Method of Making Minor Mathematicians" is published by John Harris (1820-1884); this collection of mnemonic rhymes was designed to teach the multiplication tables.

Arts and Letters

Opera: "The Barber of Seville," by Gioacchino Rossini (1792-1868) opens in Rome.

Arts and Letters

Literature: Jane Austen (1775-1817) writes "Emma."

Arts and Letters

Poetry: Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1827) writes his first major poem, "Alastor."

Ideas

Hegel (1770-1831) completes his "Science of Logic;" his philosophy of idealism will dominate metaphysics for 25 years.

Taylor, Margaret

Octavia Pannel Taylor (1816-1820), daughter of Zachary and Margaret Taylor, is born August 16.

Tyler, Letitia

Robert Tyler (1816-1877), the first son of John and Letitia Christian Tyler, is born September 9.

Economics

American Money: The second Bank of the United States is chartered for 20 years until 1836.

Economics

Transportation: Regular clipper ship service across the Atlantic begins between New York and Liverpool, England.

Economics

The first Savings bank, The Provident Institute for Savings, is founded in Boston.

Daily Life

Disasters: The summer of 1916 is unusually cold in many parts of the world due to the eruption of the Tambora volcano in Indonesia—perhaps the greatest in recorded history. In New England, there is 10 inches of snow in June 6, and half an inch of ice in Vermont and New Hampshire in July and August. It is recorded as “the year in which there was no summer.”

Sports

Boxing: Jacob Hyer beats Tom Beasley in a boxing match and calls himself America’s first boxing champion.

Popular Culture

Ananias Davisson (1780-1857) publishes "Kentucky Harmony," a collection of music of the South and Midwest U.S.

Religion

The American Bible Society is founded; one of its goals is to place a Bible in every American home.

Social Issues

The American Colonization Society forms—assists in repatriating free African Americans to a Liberian colony on the west coast of Africa.

Social Issues

Immigration: Large numbers of British immigrants come to the United States and Canada.

Government

James Monroe (1758-1831) is inaugurated as the 5th President of the U.S. and Daniel Tomkins (1774-1825) is inaugurated as the nation's 6th Vice President.

Government

New State: Mississippi becomes the 20th state in the U.S.

War

Indian Wars: The Seminole War begins on the border between the U.S. and Spanish Florida.

Science

Selenium and lithium are discovered.

Science

Cadmium is discovered independently by Friedrich Stromeyer (1776-1835) and Hermann (1765-1846).

Medicine

James Parkinson (1755-1828) describes the degenerative disease that will carry his name.

Education

Public Education: A petition presented in the Boston Town Meeting calls for establishing of a system of free public primary schools. Main support comes from local merchants, businessmen and wealthier artisans. Many wage earners oppose it, because they don't want to pay the taxes.

Education

Early frontier education is influenced by the American Tract Society which spreads religious literature by means of circuit riders.

Arts and Letters

Opera: "Cinderella," a comic opera by Gioacchino Rossini (1792-1868), is first staged in Rome.

Ideas

David Ricardo (1772-1823) promotes liberal economic theory in his "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation;" his ideas are the foundation of modern economics as a science.

Ideas

G.F. Hegel (1770-1831) publishes the "Encyclopedia of Philosophy."

Madison, Dolley

The Madisons retire to Montpelier, their estate in Virginia, where Dolley continues her role as hostess and helps her husband, who suffers from arthritis, by taking dictation for his correspondence. She also helps him prepare his papers for future publication.

Harrison, Anna

James Findlay Harrison (1814-1817), the last son born to William Henry and Anna Harrison, dies.

Van Buren, Hannah

Smith Thompson Van Buren (1817-1876), son of Martin and Hannah Van Buren is born January 16.

Economics

Native Americans: American traders began to compete with Native American tribes for the buffalo fur business.

Economics

The U.S. begins construction of the Erie Canal between Buffalo and Albany.

Economics

The New York Stock and Exchange Board is officially established, to be renamed the New York Stock Exchange in 1863.

Economics

John Jacob Astor (1763-1848) obtains a fur trade monopoly in the Mississippi Valley, founding his fortune.

Daily Life

Baltimore becomes the first American city lit by gas.

Popular Culture

Stories of a sea serpent off the coast of Gloucester, Massachusetts tell of a creature 3 feet in diameter and from 70-100 feet long with a long tongue that shoots out of its mouth.

Religion

Construction of the Vatican Museum begins in Rome.

Social Issues

Slavery: The American Society for the Return of Negroes to Africa is founded in Richmond, Virginia; the Society first sends Negroes to Sierra Leone, then buys and establishes a neighboring area called Liberia.

Reform

Prison Reform: British reformer Elizabeth Fry (1780-1845) founds a prisoner’s aid society focusing on the prison conditions of women and children.

Government

The border between the U.S. and Canada is agreed to be the 49th parallel.

Government

New State: Illinois becomes the 21st state in the U.S.

Government

American Flag: The Act of April 4, 1818 states that 13 stripes and one star for each state will be added to the flag on the 4th of July following the admission of each new state and is signed into action by President Monroe.

Science

F.W. Bessel (1784-1846) catalogs over 3,000 stars in his Fundamenta Astronomiae.

Science

Cadmium is discovered independently by Friedrich Stromeyer (1776-1835) and Hermann (1765-1846).

Medicine

Iodine is used as a treatment for goiter by French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas (1800-1884).

Medicine

Marie Gillain Boivin (1776-1841) publishes her gynecological-obstetrical text, "Nouveau traité des maladies de l’uterus et des annexes."

Inventions

A lathe for making irregularly shaped items such as gun stocks is designed.

Education

Public Education: Boston public schools offer schooling for children as young as 4 years.

Arts and Letters

Poetry: Lord Byron (1788-1824) writes "Don Juan."

Arts and Letters

Poetry: John Keats (1795-1821) writes "Endymion."

Arts and Letters

Literature: Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) writes "The Heart of Midlothian" and "Rob Roy."

Arts and Letters

Literature: Mary Godwin Shelley (1797-1851) writes "Frankenstein."

Arts and Letters

Literature: Jane Austen’s (1775-1817) last two novels, "Northanger Abbey" and "Persuasion," are published after her death.

Adams, Abigail

Abigail Adams (1744-1818), second First Lady of the United States, dies of typhoid fever in October while residing in Braintree, MA.

Lincoln, Mary

Mary Todd Lincoln (1818-1882), future wife of Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), is born on December 13 in Lexington, Kentucky.

Economics

Transportation: Packet boat lines begin to sail between New York and Liverpool, England.

Discovery

John Ross (1777-1856) leads an expedition to the Arctic to discover a Northwest Passage.

Daily Life

The tin can is introduced to the United States.

Sports

Horse Racing: The first professional horse racing occurs in the U.S.

Popular Culture

Englishman Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825) publishes a censored version of "The Family Shakespeare"; the expression to bowlderize becomes a term for the practice of omitting vulgar words from written works.

Religion

The lyrics for the hymn “Silent Night, Holy Night,” are written by the young curate, Joseph Mohr.

Law

'In "McCulloch v. Maryland," the Supreme Court expands federal powers by allowing Congress to charter a bank, an act not specifically permitted by the Constitution.

Government

Florida is ceded to the U.S. by Spain.

Government

New State: Alabama becomes the 22nd state in the U.S.

Government

The U.S. cities of Memphis and Minneapolis are founded.

Science

The American Geological Society is established at Yale College in Connecticut; it disbands in 1828.

Science

Electromagnetism is discovered by Danish physicist Hans C. Oersted (1777-1851).

Medicine

Mitscherlich discovers isomorphism.

Inventions

W.K. Clarkson patents the bicycle.

Education

Education of Women: Emma Hart Willard (1787-1870) writes "An Address to the Public: Particularly to the Members of the Legislature of New York, Proposing a Plan for Improving Female Education."

Education

Higher Education: Focusing on technical training, Norwich University opens in Vermont.

Education

Slavery: African American Education: Virginia outlaws blacks and a mulatto, whether free or slave, from meeting for the purposes of education and forbids teaching blacks to read and write.

Ideas

German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) publishes "The World as Will and Idea."

Van Buren, Hannah

Hannah Hoes Van Buren (1783-1819) dies of tuberculosis on February 5, eighteen years before her husband, Martin Van Buren, becomes President of the U.S.

Tyler, Letitia

John Tyler Jr. (1819-1896), son of John and Letitia Tyler, is born April 27.

Taylor, Margaret

Margaret Smith Taylor (1819-1820), daughter of Zachary and Margaret Taylor, is born July 27.

Fillmore, Abigail

Abigail Powers (1798-1853) meets Millard Fillmore (1800-1874) at the Academy in New Hope, New York.

Economics

Transportation: The very first ship to use steam as support on an Atlantic crossing was the American sailing ship Savannah who had been equipped with auxiliary steam engines geared to two paddle wheels on the ship’s sides. Because of distrust in this new mode of transportation, the vessel does not carry either passengers or cargo.

Economics

The Bank for Savings in New York City opens as one of the first U.S. savings banks.

Economics

The first commercially produced eating chocolate is produced in Switzerland.

Discovery

An expedition to the Rocky Mountains is led by explorer Stephen Long (1784-1864).

Religion

With roots in the Protestant Reformation and liberal New England Congregationalism, Unitarianism is founded in Boston by William Ellering Channing (1780-1842).

Social Issues

Immigration: Congress establishes reporting on immigration.

Social Issues

Slavery: Canada denies the American government the right to pursue runaway slaves within its borders.

Reform

Labor Movement: Children under the age of 9 are forbidden to work in mills in England; other young workers are limited to 12-hour days.

Politics

First Political Parties: James Monroe (1758-1831) is re-elected to a second term as President of the U.S. on the Democratic-Republican ticket, defeating John Quincy Adams; John C. Calhoun (1782-1850) is elected the nation's 7th Vice President.

Government

Slavery: Congress passes the Missouri Compromise, admitting Maine into the Union as a free state and Missouri as a slave state; slavery becomes excluded from the Union north of the Mason-Dixon Line.

Government

The Public Land Act lowers the cost of western lands to $1.25 an acre, in the hope of encouraging settlement of the West.

Government

New State: Maine becomes the 23rd state to join the Union.

Science

Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836), French physicist, discovers the basic processes of electric currents.

Medicine

The New York Eye Infirmary is founded.

Inventions

An improved plow and cultivator is invented by Henry Burden (1791-1871) of New York.

Education

Massachusetts physician John Gorham (1783-1829) publishes a 2-volume textbook, "Elements of Chemical Science," which is the standard for years.

Education

Public Education: First public high school in the U.S., Boston English, opens.

Arts and Letters

Poetry: John Keats (1795-1821) writes "Ode on a Grecian Urn" and "Ode to a Nightingale."

Arts and Letters

Poetry: Percy Bysshe Shelly (1792-1827) writes "Prometheus Unbound."

Arts and Letters

Literature: Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) publishes "Ivanhoe."

Ideas

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) writes "Principles of Political Economy."

Monroe, Elizabeth

White House Wedding: Elizabeth Monroe (1768-1830) is the first First Lady to have a daughter (Maria Hester Monroe) married in the White House.

Tyler, Julia

Julia Gardiner (1820-1889), second wife of John Tyler (1790–1862), is born on Gardiner’s Island in New York. She is the third of ten First Ladies born in New York, the "mother state" of presidential wives.

Taylor, Margaret

Octavia Pannel Taylor (1816-1820), daughter of Zachary and Margaret Taylor, dies July 8 of malaria.

Taylor, Margaret

Margaret Smith Taylor (1819-1820), daughter of Zachary and Margaret Taylor, dies October 22 from malaria three months after the death of her sister.

Fillmore, Abigail

While teaching in New Hope, Abigail Fillmore (1798-1853) begins a campaign to raise funds for the first circulating library in New York.

Economics

The percentage of people working in agriculture begins to decline as family farms are gobbled up by larger agricultural businesses. At the same time, cities grow tremendously, fueled by new manufacturing industries.

Economics

A canning factory is opened in Boston by William Underwood.

Discovery

Nathanial Palmer becomes the first person to actually see the land mass of Antartica.

Discovery

Platinum is discovered in the Russian Ural Mountains.

Discovery

The statue of the Venus de Milo (c. 150 B.C.) is discovered in Melos.

Discovery

Major Stephen Long (1784-1864) leads an expedition from Pittsburgh, exploring the area between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains.

Popular Culture

The short story as a literary form is introduced by Washington Irving (1783-1859) with the publication of "The Sketch Book," which includes “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.”

Religion

The Jesuits are driven out of Rome.

Religion

The music for the hymn “Silent Night, Holy Night,” is composed by Franz Xaver Huber to words written by the young curate, Joseph Mohr.

Social Issues

Slavery: 86 Blacks set sail for the British colony of Sierra Leone on the ship Mayflower of Liberia.

Social Issues

Slavery: In Charleston, South Carolina, slaves are required to wear distinctive identification tags. This law is later extended to free blacks in the city as well.

Government

Mexico declares independence from Spain. Santa Fe Trail opened to international trade.

Government

James Monroe (1758-1831) is inaugurated to a second term as President of the U.S. and John C. Calhoun (1782-1850) is inaugurated as the nation's 7th Vice President.

Government

New State: Missouri becomes the 24th state to join the Union (as a slave state).

Inventions

The electric motor is invented by Michael Faraday (1791-1867).

Technology

Sound reproduction is demonstrated by Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875).

Education

Education of Women: The Troy Female Seminary is founded by Emma Hart Willard (1787-1870).

Education

Native American Education: A Cherokee named Sequoyah (c.1770-1843) develops an alphabet of 86 characters, with which stories, hymns, and a Bible were printed in the Cherokee language.

Education

Education of Women: Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) opens a dame school for young girls in Boston.

Education

Children’s Books: Early Piety, or Memoirs of Childhood mixes stories such as "Of a very good girl; that died very happy before she was seven years old, with others like "the history of a sad wicked child, and his miserable death."

Arts and Letters

Frances Wright (1795-1852) publishes "Views of Society and Manners in America."

Tyler, Letitia

Letitia (Letty) Tyler Semple (1821-1907), daughter of John and Letitia Tyler, is born on May 11.

Economics

Population: The fourth census (1820) shows that the population of the U.S. is about 9.6 million.

Daily Life

Transportation: The first wagon train on the Santa Fe Trail is led by William Becknell (1788-1865).

Daily Life

The game of poker is invented by sailors in New Orleans.

Popular Culture

James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) publishes "The Spy," which leads him to become the first popular American novelist.

Religion

The first Catholic cathedral to be dedicated in the U.S. is the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Baltimore.

Reform

Abolition Movement: Benjamin Lundy (1789-1839), Quaker saddle maker, begins publishing his anti-slavery newspaper, Genius of Universal Emancipation.

Reform

Black Suffrage Movement: Nearly all property qualifications required to vote are abolished by the New York state constitution, but the state continues to deny suffrage to Blacks.

Government

Presidents: Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885), 18th President of the U.S., is born April 27 in Point Pleasant, Ohio.

Government

Presidents: Rutherford B. Hayes (1822-1881), 19th President of the U.S., is born October 4 in Delaware, Ohio.

Government

Florida is organized as a territory.

Science

A theory of evolution, subsequently proved to be in error, is published by Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829).

Medicine

Observations of human gastric juices are begun by U.S. Army physician William Beaumont (1785-1853). His observations are made on a sailor who suffered a bullet wound in the stomach that did not quite heal.

Inventions

The first patent for making false teeth is obtained by W.C. Graham.

Technology

Gas lights are installed on the streets of Boston.

Education

Higher Education: Hobart College is founded in Geneva, NY; it offers an “English Course” designed for “the practical business of life.”

Arts and Letters

Franz Liszt (1811-1886), Hungarian pianist, makes his debut at age 11.

Arts and Letters

The Royal Academy of Music in founded in London.

Arts and Letters

The diorama, paintings illuminated in a dark room to give the illusion of reality, is invented by Daguerre and Bouton.

Economics

Cotton mills in Massachusetts begin using water-powered machinery.

Discovery

The Rosetta stone, found in 1799, is deciphered by French Egyptologist Jean Francois Champollion (1790-1832).

Daily Life

Molly Pitcher, a.k.a. Mary McCauley (1754-1832), is awarded a pension by the state of Pennsylvania.

Sports

Soccer: Yale prohibits the playing of football (soccer); violators are fined.

Social Issues

Slavery: An informer reveals a plot led by Denmark Vesey (1767-1822), a free black man, for a massive slave uprising in South Carolina. Thirty-five blacks, including Vessey, are hanged, and severely repressive slave codes are passed in the South.

Reform

Slavery: Liberia is founded as a colony for blacks fleeing America.

Reform

Protest Music: “The Ballad of Major Andre” is written during the American Revolution by Major John Andre (? -1780).

Politics

Daniel Webster (1782-1852) takes a seat in the House of Representatives, and Henry Clay (1777-1852) becomes Speaker of the House.

Government

James Monroe (1758-1831) presents his Monroe Doctrine, stating that any attempts by Europeans to interfere in the Americas will be considered an affront to the national interest of the U.S.

War

Indian Wars: American troops defeat the Sauk and Fox chief Black Hawk, who has tried to prevent white settlement in the Illinois territory.

Medicine

The British medical journal, "The Lancet," is first published.

Medicine

The first ophthalmology book in the U.S., "A Treatise on the Diseases of the Eye," is published.

Inventions

Computers: Early attempts to build a calculating machine (computer) are made by Charles Babbage (1791-1871).

Inventions

A waterproof fabric is invented by Charles Macintosh (1766-1843).

Education

Education of Women: Catherine Beecher (1800-1878) founds a girls’ school in Hartford, CT.

Education

Teacher Education: The first private normal school (for training teachers) in the U.S. opens in Concord, Vermont.

Education

The first gymnasium offering systematic instruction is started by the Round Hill School in Massachusetts. Gymnastics is scheduled from 5 to 7 p.m.

Education

Children''s Books: Clement Clark Moore (1779-1863) publishes "A Visit from St. Nicholas" ("‘Twas the Night Before Christmas").

Education

African American Education: Alexander Lucius Twilight (1795-1857) graduates from Middlebury College, making him the first black college graduate in the U.S.

Arts and Letters

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1857) completes the "Missa Solemnis, Op. 123."

Tyler, Letitia

Elizabeth "Lizzie" Tyler Waller (1823-1850), daughter of John and Letitia Tyler, is born July 11.

Sports

Football: Football is invented by a 17-year-old British rugby player when, against the rules of rugby, he takes up the ball and runs with it.

Sports

Horse Racing: The first great U.S. horse race takes place between the North and the South on Long Island; the purse is about $20,000.

Popular Culture

James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) publishes "The Pioneers," the first of the Leatherstocking Tales.

Reform

Abolition Movement: An Anti-Slavery Society is founded in England by William Wilberforce (1759-1833).

Politics

The world’s first public opinion poll tries to predict voting intentions for the presidential election of 1824.

Politics

John Quincy Adams (1767-1848) is elected as the 6th President of the U.S. by the House of Representatives when none of the four candidates achieves a majority in the national election; John C. Calhoun (1782-1850) is re-elected as Vice President.

Government

The Tariff Act of 1824 is passed by Congress in an effort to protect American industry.

Government

National Capital: The Capitol Rotunda is completed; it is the connecting space between the House of Representatives and the Senate sides of the building.

Government

Native Americans: The U.S. Secretary of War establishes the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), which does not receive congressional authorization until 1934.

Science

French physicist Nicholas Leonard Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) first states the principle that will become William Thompson’s (1824-1907) Second Law of Thermodynamics (energy moves from a warm to a cold body, not the reverse).

Education

Mary Randolph (1762-1828) publishes "The Virginia Housewife," intended to instruct novice wives.

Education

Emma Willard (1787-1870) writes a widely-used textbook, "Ancient Geography."

Education

The first science and engineering school in the U.S. is founded; it is later named Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute.

Education

Children''s Books: Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) writes a children’s book, "Conversations on Common Things."

Arts and Letters

The National Gallery is London is founded.

Taylor, Margaret

Mary Elizabeth Taylor Bliss Dandridge (1824-1909), daughter of Zachary and Margaret Taylor, is born April 20.

Lincoln, Mary

Mary Todd’s (1818-1882) mother dies in childbirth when she is six years old.

Economics

Transportation: Railroad History: Construction begins on the 1st locomotive workshop in New Castle, England.

Discovery

A gateway to the west through the Rocky Mountains is discovered at South Pass, WY.

Discovery

The Great Salt Lake is discovered.

Religion

The Sunday School Union is founded in the United States.

Reform

Utopian Movement: Robert Owen (1771-1858) founds New Harmony, a utopian community in Indiana.

Reform

Labor Movement: The first recorded strike by women is a weaver’s strike at Pawtucket, RI.

Government

The U.S. signs a treaty with Russia setting the border between Canada and Alaska.

Government

Native Americans: Congress adopts a policy of removal of eastern Indian tribes to territory west of the Mississippi River; whites settle on Indian lands.

Government

John Quincy Adams (1767-1848) is inaugurated as the 6th President of the U.S. and John C. Calhoun (1782-1850) is inaugurated as the continuing Vice President.

Government

Native Americans: A treaty is established between the U.S. and the Oglala branch of the Teton Sioux (Lakota) regarding fur trade, signed for the Oglala by Standing Buffalo (aka Standing Bull).

Science

Michael Faraday (1791-1867) succeeds in isolating benzene.

Science

Georges Couvier (1769-1832) suggests that alterations in the earth causing extinction of whole animal species are associated with great natural catastrophes.

Technology

Railroad History: Stephenson's (1781-1841) 8-ton LOCOMOTION No. 1 built for the Stockton & Darlington Railroad is capable of pulling 90 tons of coal at 15 mph.

Arts and Letters

"The Diary of Samuel Pepys" is published.

Arts and Letters

Dance: The Bolshoi Ballet is established in Moscow.

Ideas

English philosopher John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) publishes "Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind," an early work in psychology, at age 19.

Adams, Louisa

Louisa Adams (1775-1852) moves into the White House with her husband, John Quincy Adams.

Adams, Louisa

Louisa Adams (1775-1852) becomes the first First Lady to write her autobiography, which she called "Adventures of a Nobody."

Tyler, Letitia

Anne Contesse Tyler (1825), daughter of John and Letitia Tyler, is born in April and dies three months later in July.

Lincoln, Mary

Mary Todd’s (1818-1882) father remarries—Elizabeth (Betsy) Humphreys of Frankfort, KY.

Economics

The Erie Canal, connecting Lake Eire and the Hudson River, opens.

Economics

The New York Stock Exchange opens, trading mostly canal, turnpike, mining, and gas lighting companies.

Discovery

Alexander Gordon Laing (1793-1826) is the first explorer to reach Timbuktu (in what is now Mali).

Daily Life

Tea roses from China are introduced in Europe.

Daily Life

Duncan Phyfe (1768-1854) begins producing furniture in the Empire style.

Sports

Baseball: A Baseball Club is organized in Rochester, New York.

Sports

Horse Racing: The New York Trotting Club builds a race course on Long Island.

Social Issues

Native Americans: The Chippewa, Iowa, Potawami, Sauk and Fox, Sioux, and Winnebago tribes sign a treaty for territorial boundaries.

Social Issues

Native Americans: Creek Indians reject a treaty ceding all their lands in Georgia to the U.S.

Reform

Labor Movement: In Boston, 600 master carpenters strike for a 10-hour day.

Reform

Utopian Movement: A community of slaves is organized by Frances Wright (1795-1852), designed to help them get ready for freedom.

Politics

Third Parties: The first third party in the U.S., the Anti-Masonic Party, is founded.

Science

André Ampere (1775-1836) publishes his "Treatise on Electrodynamics."

Inventions

The first permanent photograph is produced by J.N. Niepce (1765-1833), a French scientist.

Inventions

Samuel Morey (1762-1843) patents an internal combustion engine.

Inventions

The first reflecting telescope is built in the U.S. by Amasa Holcomb (1787-1875) in Massachusetts.

Inventions

Bassell designs a pendulum that takes exactly one second per swing.

Education

The American Lyceum—a mechanism for adult education—is founded.

Education

The Smithsonian Institution is founded in Washington, DC, endowed by James Smithson (1765-1829).

Education

Education of Women: The first public high schools for girls open in New York and Boston.

Arts and Letters

The U.S. Academy of Design is founded by Samuel F.B. Morse (1791-1872).

Arts and Letters

Poetry: Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861) publishes "Essays on Mind, with Other Poems."

Adams, Abigail

John Adams (1735-1826), 2nd President of the U.S., dies in Braintree (now Quincy), MA.

Jefferson, Martha

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) dies on July 4 at Monticello (near Charlottsville, VA).

Harrison, Anna

Lucy Singleton Harrison Este (1800-1826), daughter of William Henry and Anna Harrison, dies April 7.

Taylor, Margaret

Richard Taylor (1826-1879), son of Zachary and Margaret Taylor, is born January 27.

Fillmore, Abigail

Abigail Powers (1798-1853) marries Millard Fillmore (1800-1874) on Feb. 5 in Moravia, NY.

Lincoln, Mary

Mary Todd (1818-1882) enters the academy of Dr. John Ward; stays until she is 14.

Grant, Julia

Julia Boggs Dent (1826-1902), future wife of President Ulysses S. Grant(1822–1885), is born on January 26 on her family’s plantation near St. Louis, Missouri.

Economics

Transportation: Railroad History: The first line of rails in the New England States is said to have been laid down at Quincy, Mass., 3 miles in length and pulled by horses.

Discovery

The first overland journey to Southern California is led by Jedediah Strong Smith (1798-1831).

Daily Life

Newspapers: The first issue of the "United States Telegraph" is published; it reflects an anti-John Quincy Adams (1767-1848) bias.

Popular Culture

James Fennimore Cooper (1789-1851) publishes "The Last of the Mohicans."

Social Issues

Native Americans: The Creek Indians sign the Treaty of Washington, which voids the previous treaty and cedes less land to the government; it requires the Indians to move in 1827.

Social Issues

Slavery: A Pennsylvania law makes kidnapping a felony, thereby nullifying the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793.

Reform

Temperence Movement: The American Society for the Promotion of Temperance is founded in Boston.

Politics

Sectional differences in the U.S. between the North and South increase over tariffs: northern industrialists are for them; southern plantation owners oppose them.

Government

Joint occupation of the Oregon territory is agreed upon by the U.S. and Britain.

War

Congress gives the President the right to call out the militia.

Science

The mammalian ovum (egg) is discovered, proving that mammals do develop from eggs.

Science

John J. Audubon (1785-1851) publishes "Birds of North America."

Medicine

Brights’ disease (of the kidneys) is described by English physician Richard Bright (1789-1858).

Inventions

The screw propeller for ships is invented.

Education

Joanne Bethune founds the Infant School Society in New York City.

Education

African American Education: A letter in the Freedom Journal demands education for black women.

Education

The first nautical school in America is opened in Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Education

Public Education: Massachusetts requires every town with 500 or more families to establish a public high school.

Education

Public Education: Massachusetts passes a law making all grades of public school open to all pupils free of charge.

Arts and Letters

"A Midsummer Night’s Dream," by Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847), premieres.

Economics

Transportation: The first public transit system—horse-drawn busses—appear in New York City.

Economics

Transportation: Railroad History: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is chartered to run from Baltimore to the Ohio River in Virginia. It was the first westward bound railroad in America.

Economics

Transportation: Railroad History: The Switch Back Gravity Railroad in Pennsylvania begins operation in May of 1827 before work begins on the B&O. It is the second railroad in the U.S.

Daily Life

Newspapers: The first newspaper for blacks in the U.S., "Freedom’s Journal" is published in New York City.

Daily Life

Cincinnati is considered the Queen City of the west, at least for a time before the rise of Chicago.

Daily Life

Karl Baedeker (1801-1859) begins publishing his travel guides.

Daily Life

John Walker (1781-1859) introduces sulfur friction matches—called Lucifers—in England.

Daily Life

Holidays: The Mardi Gras celebration begins when French-American students organize a procession of street maskers on Shrove Tuesday in New Orleans.

Sports

A handbook for sportsmen, the American Shooter’s Manual, is published in Philadelphia.

Popular Culture

The murder of Maria Martin in England is the inspiration for a wildly popular melodrams, Maria Martin, or The Murder in the Red Barn.

Religion

The Second Great Awakening, an era of intense, emotional religious revivalism, makes a large impression across the country.

Reform

Perhaps the first organized American women’s club, the Women’s Social Society at New Harmony, is founded by Frances Wright.

Politics

First Political Parties: The Democratic party is formed, based on Jeffersonian principles. Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) is the first nominee, and defeats John Quincy Adams (1767-1848) for the Presidency; John C. Calhoun (1782-1850) is re-elected Vice President.

Politics

Third Parties: The Working Men’s Party is founded in New York City.

Government

Railroad History: Congress authorizes the construction of the first state-owned railway in Pennsylvania.

Government

The so-called Tariff of Abominations, imposing duties on manufactured goods is passed.

Science

The discipline of organic chemistry begins.

Science

Caroline Herschel (1750-1848) is awarded a gold medal by Britain’s Royal Astronomical Society for her catalog of nebulae.

Medicine

Dr. Hopff first uses the term "hemophilia" in describing the blood disease.

Inventions

The electromagnet is invented.

Education

Education of Women: Zilpah Grant (1794-1874) becomes head of the Ipswitch Female Seminary, a select girls’ boarding school.

Education

Noah Webster (1758-1843) publishes his "American Dictionary of the English Language," with 70,000 definitions, including many words derived from immigrant and Native American languages.

Education

Libraries: The Reading Room Society, the first social library for African Americans, opens in Philadelphia.

Arts and Letters

Franz Schubert (1797-1828) gives his only public concert in Vienna.

Arts and Letters

Literature: Alexander Dumas (pere--1802-1870) writes "The Three Musketeers."

Adams, Louisa

White House Weddings: Louisa (1775-1852) and John Quincy Adams (1767-1848) son, John II (1803-1834), marries Mary Catherine Hellen in the White House.

Jackson, Rachel

Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson (1767-1828) dies at home on December 22 at 62. She is the first President's wife to die after her husband had been elected to office of President but before he was sworn in and she could become the First Lady.

Fillmore, Abigail

Millard Fillmore (1800--1874) is elected to the New York State Legislature, where he serves until 1831.

Fillmore, Abigail

Millard Powers Fillmore (1828-1889), son of Millard and Abigail Fillmore, is born April 25.

Johnson, Eliza

Martha Johnson Patterson (1828-1901), daughter of Andrew and Eliza Johnson, is born October 25.

Economics

Transportation: Railroad History: Delaware & Hudson Canal Co. builds a railroad from their mines to the termination of the canal at Honesdale.

Economics

Construction starts on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad.

Daily Life

Newspapers: The first Indian newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix is published in Georgia.

Daily Life

Magazines: Sarah Josepha Hale (1788-1879) becomes editor-publisher of the American Ladies Magazine (until 1836).

Sports

The first archery club is formed in Philadelphia; members pay an initiation fee of $5.00 and $.50 dues a month.

Popular Culture

Thomas (“Jim Crow”) Rice (1808-1860) introduces the song “Jim Crow” between acts of a play; it is the first international song hit of American popular music.

Social Issues

Native Americans: American social critic Elizabeth Sanders (1762-1851) anonymously publishes a booklet praising Indian culture and condemning its destruction by General Andrew Jackson.

Reform

Abolition Movement: Isabella van Wagener (c. 1797-1883) is freed from slavery and takes the name Sojourner Truth; she preaches against slavery throughout New York and New England.