1847 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentCalifornia comes under U.S. control.GovernmentLiberia, colonized by American ex-slaves, becomes the first independent republic in Africa.GovernmentStamps: United States stamps debut. The first two feature George Washington (1732-1799) and Ben Franklin (1706-1790). | ScienceMaria Mitchell (1818-1889) discovers a new comet which is named after her.ScienceJoseph Leidy (1823-1891) suggests that the environment affects changes (evolution) within a species.MedicineChildbirth assisted by anesthetic (chloroform) first takes place.MedicineThe American Medical Association is organized in Philadelphia.MedicineEpidemics: Another world-wide epidemic of influenza occurs.MedicineAntiseptics are developed by Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865), a Hungarian. InventionsThe ophthalmoscope is invented by Charles Babbage (1791-1871) . | EducationWomen's Colleges: Rockford Female Seminary (later College) is founded in Rockford, IL; it is called the “Mount Holyoke of the West.”Arts and LettersLiterature: Emily Bronte (1818-1848) writes "Wuthering Heights" and Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) writes "Jane Eyre." | Fillmore, AbigailThe Fillmore (1800-1874) family moves to Albany when Fillmore is elected state comptroller; the children are away at boarding school and college.Mckinley, IdaIda Saxon (1847-1907), future wife of President William McKinley (1843–1901), is born in Canton, Ohio on June 8.Tyler, LetitiaAlice Tyler Denison (1847-1854), daughter of John and Letitia Tyler, is born March 23. | EconomicsEvaporated milk is made for the first time.Daily LifeDisasters: Forty-seven of the eighty-seven members of the Donner Party die while trapped in the Sierra Mountains.Daily LifeThe California town of Yerba Buena is renamed San Francisco.Daily LifeNewspapers: The telegraph is used to transfer stories over great distances, thus making news more immediate. | | ReligionThe Mormons found Salt Lake City, Utah.Social IssuesImmigration: The first Chinese immigrants arrive in the U.S.Social IssuesImmigration: Irish immigration reaches 105,000, 3 times more than the year before.Social IssuesNative Americans: Taos Rebellion against the U.S. military occurs. ReformAbolition Movement: Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) , escaped ex-slave, begins publishing his abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.ReformAnti-Child Labor Movement: Women and children in Britain may only work a 10-hour day. |
1848 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsZachary Taylor (1784-1850) is elected 12th President of the U.S. on the Whig ticket; Millard Fillmore is elected as the 12th Vice President.PoliticsThird Parties: Former Democratic President Martin van Buren (1782-1862) becomes the presidential candidate of the anti-slavery Free-Soil Party. He wins 10 percent of the popular vote, and is credited with siphoning off enough votes from Democratic candidate Lewis Cass (1782-1866 ) to help Whig candidate Zachary Taylor (1784- 1850) win the election. GovernmentNew State: Wisconsin becomes the 30th state in the U.S.WarMexican Wars: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the war with Mexico, the U.S. receives New Mexico and California as well as parts of Nevada, Utah, Arizona and Colorado for $15 million. | ScienceMaria Mitchell (1818-1889) becomes the first woman to be elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.ScienceHyperion, the eighth moon of Saturn, is discovered.MedicineEpidemics: More than 5,000 deaths are caused by a cholera epidemic in New York City.InventionsMargaret (Mattie) Knight (1838-1914) (10) invents a stop-motion device to keep shuttles from sliding out of the looms and injuring workers.InventionsChewing gum is invented by John B. Curtis (1827–1897) of Maine.InventionsWaldo Hanchett patents the dental chair. | EducationPublic Education: Massachusetts Reform School at Westboro opens, where children who have refused to attend public schools are sent. This begins a long tradition of "reform schools," which combine the education and juvenile justice systems.EducationPublic Education: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo guarantees citizenship rights to everyone living in new American areas, mostly Mexicans and Native people. It also guarantees the continued use of the Spanish language, including in education. One hundred fifty years later, in 1998, California breaks that treaty, by passing Proposition 227, which would make it illegal for teachers to speak Spanish in public schools.EducationLibraries: Boston Public Library becomes the first publicly supported major urban library.EducationWomen’s Colleges: Moore College of Art is founded in Philadelphia (then called the Philadelphia School of Design for Women); it is the first and only women's visual arts college in the nation--and one of only two in the world. EducationEducation of Women: A medical school for women opens with 12 students in Boston.IdeasKarl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) publish "The Communist Manifesto." | Tyler, LetitiaMary Tyler Jones (1815-1848), the first daughter born to John and Letitia Christian Tyler, dies June 17. Tyler, JuliaJohn Alexander "Alex" Tyler (1848-1883), son of John Tyler and his second wife Julia, is born on April 7. Adams, LouisaJohn Quincy Adams (1767-1848), son of Abigail and John Adams, dies of a massive stroke on February 23.Taylor, MargaretMargaret Smith Taylor (1788-1852) is the only First Lady whose portrait does not hang in the White House. She refused to ever have it made. Hayes, LucyLucy Webb (1831-1889) meets Rutherford B. Hayes for the first time when he is visiting her town with his mother. She begins college at the Cincinnati Wesleyan Female College this year as well. | EconomicsGold is first discovered in California, in Sutter's mill. After President Polk (1795-1849) announces the news in December, the gold rush begins soon after. Daily LifeNiagara Falls stops flowing for the first time in history because of an ice jam in the Niagara River. | Popular CultureStephen Foster (1826-1864) writes “Oh, Susannah,” which becomes popular among the “49ers” and establishes his reputation as a song writer. | ReligionSpiritualism becomes popular in the U.S.Social IssuesNative Americans: The California Gold Rush begins, increasing Western expansion across former Native American lands.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: The National Convention of Colored Freedmen held in Cleveland, Ohio resolves that women should be elected delegates on an equal basis with men.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: The first Women’s Rights convention is held in Seneca Falls, NY. |
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1849 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentZachary Taylor (1784-1850) is inaugurated as the 12th President of the U.S. and Millard Fillmore is inaugurated as the 12th Vice President.GovernmentThomas Ewing (1829-1896) of Ohio is appointed as the first Secretary of the Interior, a department created to meet the needs of western settlers.GovernmentCongress establishes the Minnesota territory. | ScienceJeffries Wyman (1814-1874)
describes the similarities between the skeletons of apes and humans.MedicineWomen's Firsts: Female doctors are permitted to practice medicine for the first time in the U.S., and Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) becomes the first woman physician in the U.S. InventionsThe safety pin is invented by Walter Hunt (1796-1859) , trying to satisfy a $15 debt; he spends 3 hours bending wire into various forms.InventionsMary Ann Woodward patents a fan that attaches to a rocking chair.TechnologyAirplanes: Sir George Cayley (1773-1857), builds a small glider designed to lift about 80 pounds of the ground. He refers to it as his Boy Glider. It is the first recorded manned (or boyed) fixed-wing aircraft. It lifts a 10-year old boy off the ground for a few yards on test runs. Cayley also flew it in a high wind like a kite, tethered to the ground. | EducationChildren’s Books: Anna Maria Hall (1800-1881) is one of the most prolific Victorian writers for children, best known for such moral tales as "Grandmamma's Pockets." EducationThe Free Academy in New York City opens; it will become the College of the City of New York and offer free education to the children of New York’s working class. | Madison, DolleyDolley Madison (1768-1849) dies on July 12 at the age of 81.Polk, SarahJames K. Polk (1795-1849) is the first President to be photographed while in office; he dies on June 15 in Nashville, Tennessee.Fillmore, AbigailThe family moves to Washington.Lincoln, MaryAbraham Lincoln (1809-1865) applies for a patent on a floating dry dock; he is the only U.S. President to do so.Harrison, CarolineCaroline Harrison (1832-1892) meets Benjamin Harrison (1831-1901) , a student of her father’s in Cincinnati.Tyler, JuliaJulia Tyler Spencer (1849-1871), daughter of John Tyler and his second wife Julia, is born on December 25. | EconomicsSeven thousand “49ers” invade California in a search for gold. EconomicsTransportation: Railroad History: The Pacific Railroad Company is chartered, the first railroad west of the Mississippi River.EconomicsWomen''s Rights Movement: Amelia Bloomer (1818 - 1894) begins publishing "The Lily," moving it to Ohio in 1853 and employing female typesetters in spite of a strike by males on the staff. | Sports The Pearl of Bermuda beats the U.S. yacht Brenda in the first recognized international yacht race. | Social IssuesNative Americans: The giant redwood trees in California are named Sequoias in honor of the Cherokee Indian Chief, Sequoya (c.1770-1843).Social IssuesSlavery: California holds a convention, adopting a constitution that forbids slavery and requests admission to the Union.Social IssuesImmigration: The California Gold Rush sparks first mass immigration from China. ReformAbolition Movement: Maryland slave Harriet Tubman (c.1820-1913) escapes to the North with some help from her friends. |
1850 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentSlavery: The Compromise of 1850 is passed after bitter debates about slavery in new territories and states.GovernmentVice President Millard Fillmore (1800-1847) becomes the 13th President of the U.S. on the death of Zachary Taylor. No new Vice President is selected.GovernmentNew State: California becomes the 31st state in the U.S.GovernmentThe city of Los Angeles is incorporated.GovernmentNew Mexico (which included present day Arizona, southern Colorado, southern Utah, and southern Nevada) is designated a territory, but denied statehood. | ScienceThe inner-most ring of Saturn is discovered. InventionsThe continuous stitch sewing machine is invented by Isaac Singer (1811-1875).InventionsJoel Houghton is granted the first dishwasher patent in 1850. TechnologyNewspapers: Powerful, giant presses appear, and they are able to print ten thousand complete papers per hour.TechnologyThe first clear photograph of the moon is made (a daguerreotype). | EducationEducation of Women: The Female Medical College of Pennsylvania is founded.EducationPublic Education: One of the first “free,” or public, schools in New Jersey is founded by Clara Barton (1821-1912).EducationChildren’s Books: "Three Little Kittens" and other stories from Mama Lovechild''s Series were issued by the American toy and game publisher, McLoughlin Brothers.Arts and LettersPoetry: Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861) writes "Sonnets from the Portuguese." Arts and LettersLiterature: Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) writes "The Scarlet Letter." | Lincoln, MaryEdward Baker Lincoln (1846-1850), son of Mary Todd and Abraham Lincoln, dies of tuberculosis at age 3, on February 1.Lincoln, MaryWilliam Wallace Lincoln (1850-1862), son of Mary Todd and Abraham Lincoln, is born on December 21.Taylor, MargaretPresident Zachary Taylor (1784-1850), 12th President of the U.S., dies of indigestion on July 9 in Washington D.C. after less than a year-and-a-half in office on .Fillmore, AbigailThe first library in the White House is established by Abigail Fillmore (1798-1853); She used her furniture money to buy the books. In addition to the library, she also had the first White House bathtub installed and replaced the fireplace used for cooking with the first White House cookstove. Grant, JuliaFredrick Dent Grant (1850-1912), son of Ulysses and Julia Grant, is born May 30. Tyler, LetitiaElizabeth "Lizzie" Tyler Waller (1823-1850), daughter of John and Letitia Tyler, dies June 1 from childbirth complications.Hayes, LucyLucy Webb Hayes (1831-1889) is the first First Lady to earn a college degree from Cincinnati Wesleyan. Monroe, ElizabethMaria Hester Monroe Gouverneur (1803-1850) President James Monroe and Elizabeth Monroe, dies at the age of 47. | EconomicsYoung Bavarian-American Levi Strauss (1829-1902) invents blue jeans. EconomicsPopulation: The population of the U.S. is 23 million (3.2 million black slaves).Daily LifeFashion: Crinolines become popular in the U.S., later to be replaced by hoop skirts.Daily LifeNewspapers: The first "pictorial" weekly newspapers emerge; for the first time they feature extensive illustrations of news events. | Popular CultureP.T. Barnum (1810-1891) brings Jenny Lind (1820-1887) to sing in the U.S.Popular CultureSteven Foster (1826-1864) writes “Camptown Races.”Popular CultureCharles Dickens (1812-1870) publishes "David Copperfield." | Social IssuesNative Americans: Silversmithing is introduced to the Navajo Indians, who make it an art form.Social IssuesSlavery: The Compromise of 1850 includes the Fugitive Slave Act, a law designed to assist in the recovery of runaway slaves by increasing federal officers and denying fugitive slaves a right to a jury trial. ReformWomen's Rights Movement: Women gain the right to own land in Oregon.ReformAbolition Movement: Harriet Tubman (c.1820-1913) begins to lead slaves to freedom on the Underground Railroad. She makes 19 trips back to the South to free about 300 slaves. |
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1851 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentAmerican Money: Three-cent coins are authorized by Congress.GovernmentNational Capital: The dome on top of the Capitol Building is designed. | ScienceUnderstanding of the rotation of the earth is advanced.MedicineElizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) sets up a small medical clinic in a New York City tenement district.MedicineThe use of glass eyes is introduced; many think they will restore sight. | EducationLibraries: The first law allowing towns to support free libraries through taxes is passed in Massachusetts.EducationTeacher Education: White American education pioneer Myrrilla Miner opens a teaching college for black women in Washington, DC, the Miner Normal School, amid threats, arson attempts, and stone-throwing mobs.EducationLibraries: Fire at the Library of Congress burns two-thirds of its collection, 900 of which have still to be replaced.EducationPublic Education: State of Massachusetts passes its first compulsory education law. The goal is to make sure that the children of poor immigrants get "civilized" and learn obedience and restraint, so they make good workers and don't contribute to social upheaval.Arts and LettersOpera: Giuseppe Verdi’s (1813-1901) opera "Rigoletto" is first performed in Venice.Arts and LettersLiterature: Herman Melville (1819-1891) publishes "Moby Dick." | Hayes, LucyRutherford B. Hayes (1822-1881) asks Lucy Webb (1831-1889) to marry him; she accepts.Tyler, JuliaLachlan Tyler (1851-1902), son of John Tyler and his second wife Julia, is born December 2. | Daily LifeNewspapers: The "New York Times" begins publishing.Daily LifeThe first double-decker omnibus, drawn by horses, appears in England.Daily LifeFashion: Amelia Jenks Bloomer (1818-1894) gives her name to “bloomers,” a split skirt designed by Elizabeth Smith Miller (1822-1911) for bicycle riding. | Sports In the America’s Cup race, the U.S. yacht America beats the British yacht Aurora on Cowes, England.Sports Baseball: The first baseball uniforms are worn by the New York Knickerbockers—straw hats, white shirts, and blue trousers.Popular CultureStephen Foster (1826-1864) publishes “Old Folks at Home.”Popular CultureChildren’s Books: The American abolitionist novel Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1812-1896) was pirated and abridged to become a children's classic. Although the book presents both African-American and white characters through melodrama and stereotype, the novel has received increasing critical reappraisal in recent years. | ReligionThe first Young Men’s Christian Association (WMCA) opens in Boston.Social IssuesNative Americans: The Sioux Indians give their Iowa lands, and most of their lands in Minnesota to the U.S.ReformTemperance Movement: Prohibition against liquor is begun in Maine and Illinois.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: Sojourner Truth (1797-1883) gives her famous "Ain't I a Woman" speech at the Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio.ReformNative Americans: Bishop Jean Baptiste Lamy (1818-1888) arrives in New Mexico and establishes schools, hospitals and orphanages throughout the territory. ReformHarriet Beecher Stow publishes the first installment of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" in an abolitionist weekly. After 40 more installments, it is published as a book in 1852. |
1852 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsDemocrat Franklin Pierce (1804-1869) is elected as the 14th President of the U.S., defeating the Whig candidate, General Winfield Scott; William R. King (1786-1853) is elected as the 13th Vice President. The Whig party ceases to be a power.GovernmentNapoleon III (1808-1873) becomes the Emperor of France.GovernmentThe South African Republic (Transvaal) is established.GovernmentStamps: The first pre-stamped envelopes are sold. Pre-stamped postcards (for a penny) appear 19 years later. | ScienceKerosene is discovered and named.MedicineA Dutch army surgeon creates the first cast for broken bones by injecting bandages with plaster.InventionsElisha Gray (1835-1901) invents a safety device to prevent the fall of heavy machinery; his invention makes the development of the elevator possible.InventionsJames Otis (died 1861) designs a passenger elevator.InventionsThe non-rigid airship is invented by Henri Giffard. | EducationEducation of Women: Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) publishes "The Laws of Life, with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls."EducationWomen's Colleges: The National Women’s Education Association is founded by Catherine Beecher (1800-1878) to provide help for women’s colleges, and promote the idea of women as teachers.EducationThe first effective school attendance law is passed in Massachusetts; it requires at least 12 weeks attendance for all children between 8 and 14, six of which must be consecutive.EducationLibraries: The Boston Public Library is founded.EducationWomen’s Colleges: Mills College is founded in California; it is the oldest women's college in the western part of the United States. | Johnson, ElizaAndrew Johnson Jr. (1852-1879), son of Andrew and Eliza Johnson, is born August 6. Grant, JuliaUlysses Simpson "Buck" Grant Jr. (1852-1929), son of Ulysses and Julia Grant, is born July 22. Adams, LouisaLouisa Catherine Johnson Adams (1775-1852) dies in Washington on May 15 at the age of seventy-seven; the U.S. Congress adjourns to attend her funeral, the first time this honor is conferred upon a woman.Taylor, MargaretMargaret Mackall Smith Taylor (1788-1852) dies near Pascagoula, Mississippi on August 18 at the age of sixty-four.Madison, DolleyJohn Payne Todd (1792-1852), the biological son of Dolley Madison and the stepson of President James Madison, dies of typhoid fever. John''s life choices, made him a charlatan and constant disgrace to his parents. Hayes, LucyLucy Webb (1831-1889) and Rutherford B. Hayes (1822-1881) are married on December 30 in Cincinnati. | EconomicsThe Wells Fargo Company is founded.DiscoveryLivingstone (1813-1873) begins explorations of the Zambezi River in South Africa.Daily LifeThe U.S. imports sparrows from Germany as a defense against caterpillars. | Sports The first intercollegiate rowing race is held between Harvard and Yale.Popular CultureThe character of “Uncle Sam” appears for the first time in the "New York Lantern Weekly."Popular CultureStephen Foster (1826-1864) writes “My Old Kentucky Home.” | ReligionAmerican Catholics hold their first Plenary Council in Baltimore.Social IssuesImmigration: Chinese immigration is encouraged in California, particularly to provide labor for building railroads.ReformLabor Movement: Ohio becomes the first state to regulate working hours for women.ReformTemperance Movement: The Woman’s New York Temperance Society is formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. |
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1853 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentWith the Gadsden Treaty, the U.S. secures land from Mexico that completes its acquisition of land in the continental United States.GovernmentThe Washington Territory is formed from part of the Oregon Territory.GovernmentFranklin Pierce (1804-1869) is inaugurated as the 14th President of the U.S., and William R. King (1786-1853) is inaugurated as the 13th Vice President. King dies soon after taking office, and is not replaced. | MedicineAlexander Wood (1817-1884) uses hypodermic syringes for injections under the skin.MedicineSmallpox vaccinations are made compulsory in Britain.MedicineChloroform is used by Queen Victoria (1819-1901) as an anesthetic in the birth of her 7th child; it becomes an accepted practice in England.MedicineEpidemics: More than 3,000 perish from yellow fever in New Orleans.InventionsAfrican American inventors: George Crum invents the potato chip.TechnologyAirplanes: The first heavier-than-air flying machine, a glider, flies across a valley for 500 yards carrying its frightened creator, George Cayley (1773-1857). | EducationHigher Education: Antioch College in Ohio opens.EducationWomen's Colleges: American educator Mary Easton Sibley (1800-1878) founds the Lindenwood Female College in Missouri.EducationChildren’s Books: From his weekly magazine, "Household Words," Charles Dickens (1812-1870) waxes nostalgic for the educationally-incorrect fairy tales and nursery rhymes of his youth, such as Aladdin or Jack the Giant-Killer.Arts and LettersPainting: Rosa Bonheur’s (1822-1899) painting, "The Horse Fair," establishes her reputation as an artist. | Fillmore, AbigailAbigail Powers Fillmore (1798-1853) dies of pneumonia at the Willard Hotel in Washington at the age of fifty-five.Harrison, CarolineCaroline Scott (1832-1892) graduates from the Oxford Female Academy. She begins teaching Pierce, JaneBenjamin Pierce (1841-1853), son of Franklin and Jane Pierce, dies tragically January 16 in a train accident before his parents' eyes. Hayes, LucyBirchard Austin Hayes (1853-1926), son of Rutherford and Lucy Hayes, is born November 4 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Lincoln, MaryMary Todd and Abraham Lincoln’s son Thomas "Tad" (1853-1871) is born on April 4 in Springfield.Tyler, JuliaLyon Gardiner Tyler (1853-1935), son of John Tyler and his second wife Julia, is born in August. | EconomicsAmerican Money: Three-dollar gold pieces are authorized by Congress.EconomicsTransportation: Railroad History: The Baltimore and Ohio railroad is completed as far as the Ohio River.EconomicsTransportation: Railroad History: The New York Central railroad is formed, connecting New York City and Buffalo, NY.EconomicsThe building of Steinway pianos is begun in New York City by Henry Steinway (1797-1871) and his three sons.EconomicsTiffany and Company, jewelers, is established.EconomicsCondensed milk is introduced by Gail Borden (1801-1871).DiscoveryCommander Matthew Perry (1794-1858) sails into Japan’s Edo Bay, hoping to open Japan to trade with the west. | | ReligionWomen's Firsts: Antoinette Brown Blackwell (1825-1921) becomes the first ordained minister of a recognized denomination, the Congregationalists.ReformWomen's Suffrage Movement: Seventy-three women present a petition to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention urging women’s suffrage. |
1854 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsPolitical Parties: The Republican Party is formed in Ripon, Wisconsin; opposition to slavery is their central principle.PoliticsThird Parties: The Know-Nothing Party is formed; native white Protestants opposed to immigration and Catholicism run Millard Fillmore (1800-1874) for President.GovernmentClara Barton (1821-1912) becomes perhaps the first regularly appointed woman civil servant in the U.S. with a clerkship in a Washington, DC patent office.GovernmentThe Gadsden Purchase Treaty is ratified. | MedicineFlorence Nightingale (1820-1910) introduces nurses and standards of cleanliness into military hospitals in the Crimea.InventionsThe first form of the electric light bulb is invented by Heinrich Goebel (1818-1893) in Germany.InventionsThe Smith and Wesson revolver is invented.TechnologyThe use of the Bunsen burner is introduced. | EducationSpecial Education: The first state-supported school especially designed for the mentally retarded opens in Syracuse, NY.EducationEducation of Women: Emily Blackwell (1826-1910), Elizabeth Blackwell’s sister, earns a medical degree at Cleveland’s Western Reserve University.Arts and LettersHenry David Thoreau (1817-1862) writes "Walden," or "Life in the Woods." Arts and LettersPoetry: Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892) writes "The Charge of the Light Brigade," a poem about a tragic battle in the Crimean War. | Fillmore, AbigailMary Abigail (Abby) Fillmore (1832-1854) dies of cholera on July 27 at the age of 22.Hayes, LucyLucy (1831-1889) and Rutherford Hayes (1822-1893) and their family move into its own house in Cincinnati.Harrison, CarolineCaroline (1832-1892)and Benjamin Harrison (1831-1901) move to Indianapolis, Indiana.Tyler, LetitiaAlice Tyler Denison (1847-1854), daughter of John and Letitia Tyler, dies June 8 of colic. Harrison, CarolineCaroline and Benjamin Harrison’s son, Russell Benjamin Harrison (1854-1936), is born on August 12. | EconomicsTransportation: Railroad History: Immigration: 13,000 Chinese arrive, the beginning of large-scale Chinese immigration; they are employed largely in railroad building in the west. | Popular CultureStephen Foster (1826-1864) writes “Jeanne with the Light Brown Hair.” | ReligionPope Pius IX (1792-1878) sets forth the dogma of the Immaculate Conception.Social IssuesSlavery: During the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Congress sets aside the rulings from the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and allows these two new territories to choose whether or not to allow slavery. Violent clashes erupt.ReformAbolition Movement: Northern resistance to the expansion of slavery increases.ReformTemperance Movement: Black temperance advocate Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911) lectures for antislavery societies.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: Susan B. Anthony collects 6,000 signatures on a petition for women’s rights. |
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1855 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe first U.S. Court of Claims is established.GovernmentStamps: Prepayment of postage is required in United States | InventionsKerosene is patented by Abraham Gesner (1797-1864) .InventionsThe printing telegraph is invented.InventionsThe first patent for the production of rayon is obtained by George Audemars. | EducationThe first German-language kindergarten in the United States is established by Margarethe Schurtz in Watertown, WI.EducationA professorship of technology is created at Edinburgh University.EducationChildren’s Books: Charlotte Yonge (1823-1901) publishes the children's historical novel, "The Little Duke," and also "The History of Sir Thomas Thumb, a traditional folktale to which Yonge adds material from the Arthurian legends and from the German tales of the Brothers Grimm.Arts and LettersPoetry: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) writes "Hiawatha."Arts and LettersPoetry: Walt Whitman (1819-1892) writes "Leaves of Grass."Arts and LettersThe Boston Philharmonic Orchestra is organized. | Lincoln, MaryAbraham Lincoln (1809-1865) runs unsuccessfully for the Senate.Van Buren, HannahMartin Van Buren (1812-1855), son of Martin and Hannah Van Buren, dies in Paris on March 19. Grant, JuliaEllen Wrenshall "Nellie" Grant Sartoris Jones (1855-1922), daughter of Ulysses and Julia Grant, is born July 4. | EconomicsTransportation: The first Cunard liner crosses the Atlantic in 9 ½ days.EconomicsThe first oil refinery in the U.S. is built in Pittsburgh.DiscoveryMissionary David Livingstone (1813-1873) discovers falls on the Zambezi River which he names Victoria Falls. | Sports Horseback riding by women becomes popular; many riding academies are set up to help women learn. | Social IssuesSlavery: Fugitive slave Ann Wood leads a wagon load of armed boys and girls in a shootout with slave catchers; two are killed and the rest escape to the North. |
1856 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsJames Buchanan (1791-1868) , Democrat, is elected the 15th President of the U.S., and John C. Breckenridge (1821-1875) is elected as the nation's 14th Vice President.PoliticsThird Parties: Former President Millard Fillmore (1800-1874) is selected to be the presidential candidate of the Know-Nothing or American Party. GovernmentPresidents: Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) , 28th President of the United States, is born.WarThe Crimean War ends with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. | ScienceA Neanderthal skull is found in a cave near Dusseldorf in Germany.InventionsHenry Bessemer (1813-1898) invents a process which makes it possible to mass-produce low-cost steel.InventionsA patent for a pencil with an attached eraser is granted to H.L. Lipman.InventionsLouis Pasteur (1822-1895) invents the process of pasteurisation. TechnologyRailroad History: The first railroad bridge across the Mississippi River is completed between Rock Island, Illinois and Davenport, Iowa. | Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: The first American copyright law is established because of the efforts of Dion Boucicault (1820-1890). In its earliest form, it only protects the title of the play. | Tyler, JuliaRobert Fitzwalter Tyler (1856-1927), son of John Tyler and his second wife Julia, is born March 12. Lane, HarrietHarriet Lane (1830-1903) serves as James Buchanan's hostess because he never married. Hayes, LucyLucy and Rutherford Hayes’s second son, James Webb Hayes (1856-1934), is born on March 20th in Cincinnati.Hayes, LucyFannie Hayes Platt, Rutherford’s sister and Lucy’s great friend, dies of complications of childbirth. | EconomicsThe first street trains, powered by steam, begin running between Boston and Cambridge, MA.EconomicsThe Western Union Company is established.DiscoveryBorax is discovered in California. | Sports Boxing: The longest bare-knuckle boxing match in history pits James Kelly vs. Jack Smith in Melbourne, Australia; the fight lasts 6 hours and 15 minutes.Sports Women in Sports: Catherine Beecher (1800-78) publishes Physiology and Calisthenics for Schools and Families, the first fitness manual for women. | Social IssuesNative Americans: The Pottawatomie Massacre takes place in Kansas.ReformAbolition Movement: An anti-slavery group led by John Brown (1800-1859) attacks a pro-slavery settlement in Franklin County, Kansas. Horace Greeley’s (1811-1872) "New York Tribune" calls the territory “Bleeding Kansas.” |
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1857 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawSlavery: In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court rules that slaves are not free just because they live in a free state, that blacks do not have the right to sue in federal court, and that Congress does not have the right to try to exclude slavery from the territories.GovernmentPresidents: William Howard Taft (1857-1930) , 27th President of the United States, is born.GovernmentNational Capital: The House of Representatives moves into its current home in the south wing of the Capitol.GovernmentJames Buchanan (1791-1868) is inaugurated as the 15th President of the U.S., and John C. Breckenridge (1821-1875) is inaugurated as the nation's 14th Vice President.GovernmentStamps: Perforated U.S. stamps appear (Previously people had to cut apart sheets of stamps). | ScienceYeast is discovered to be a living plant.ScienceLouis Pasteur (1822-1895) proves that fermentation is caused by living organisms.ScienceIn a letter to Asa Gray (1810-1888) , Charles Darwin (1809-1882) first outlines his theories of evolution and natural selection.MedicineElizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) founds her own New York Infirmary for Women and Children.MedicineEpidemics: One of the worst epidemics of influenza begins this year and spreads around the world in the next two years.InventionsGeorge Pullman (1831-1897) invents the Pullman Sleeping Car for train travel. TechnologyAirplanes: Jean-Marie Le Bris (1817-1872), a French sea caption, tests a glider modeled after an albatross. This "artificial bird" makes one short glide, but on the second glide it crashes and Le Bris breaks his leg. | EducationChildren’s Books: Thomas Hughes (1822-1896), writes "Tom Brown's Schooldays," making Arnold's Rugby the model for what Victorian schoolboys expected their schools to be like.EducationLibraries: The Watkinson Library is founded as a “a library of reference” for the community of Hartford, Connecticut.EducationThe National Education Association is founded in Philadelphia for the purpose of advancing the professionalism of teaching.Arts and LettersLiterature: Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) publishes "Madame Bovary."Ideas'The Atlantic Monthly' is founded. | Hayes, LucyLucy Hayes (1831-1889) takes great pleasure in her new sewing machine, a gift from her mother.Lane, HarrietHarriet Lane (1830-1903) is the first woman to have a federal steamship named after her. | EconomicsE.G. Otis installs the first safety elevator.EconomicsThe laying of the transatlantic cable begins.EconomicsA financial panic triggers a serious depression; thousands of businesses fail.Daily LifeCentral Park, in New York City, is designed.Daily LifeHolidays: The first Mardi Gras pageant of decorated floats is held in New Orleans.Daily LifeThe American Chess Association is formed. | Sports Baseball: Twenty-five teams form the first baseball association, the National Association of Baseball Players. | ReformWomen's Rights Movement: The Married Women’s Property Bill passes in England. |
1858 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentA treaty of peace, friendship, and commerce is signed between the U.S. and China.GovernmentNew State: Minnesota becomes the 32nd state in the U.S.GovernmentPresidents: Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) , 26th President of the United States, is born.GovernmentBritain takes over the government of India from the East India Company. | ScienceThe cell is isolated by Berlin doctor Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) , who calls it the basic unit of all life.InventionsHamilton Smith (1862-1943) patents the rotary washing machine. InventionsJean Lenoir (1822-1900) invents an internal combustion engine. | EducationChildren’s Books: Rev. Frederic William Farrar (1831-1903), a schoolmaster, writes the moralistic tale "Eric," or "Little by Little," about a boy who goes bad.EducationA chemistry department and research lab are established by Harvard University.Arts and LettersThe first public concert is performed by the New York Symphony Orchestra.Arts and LettersPoetry: “The Courtship of Miles Standish” is published by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882). | Lincoln, MaryAbraham Lincoln (1809-1865) runs for the Senate from Illinois against incumbent Democrat Stephen Douglas (1813-1861); he loses, but the Lincoln-Douglas debates form a part of U.S. history.Hayes, LucyLucy and Rutherford Hayes’s third son, Rutherford Platt Hayes (1858-1927), is born on June 24 in Cincinnati.Hayes, LucyRutherford Hayes (1822-1893) is appointed to an unexpired term as city solicitor of Cincinnati in December.Hayes, LucyThe Hayes family has its first Christmas tree, decorated as a surprise by their German servants.Harrison, CarolineCaroline and William Harrison’s first daughter, Mary Scott (1858-1930) is born on April 3.Grant, JuliaJesse Root Grant (1858-1934), son of Ulysses and Julia Grant, is born February 6. | EconomicsThe transatlantic cable is completed, allowing telegraphic communication between the U.S. and Britain; the service ends after a month because the signal is too weak.EconomicsTransportation: Stagecoach service and mail delivery begin between San Francisco and St. Louis.EconomicsMacy’s Department Store opens.DiscoveryLake Tanganyika in East Africa is first discovered by Europeans.Daily LifePrincess Victoria (1840-1901) of England (daughter of Queen Victoria) chooses Wagner’s “Bridal Chorus” and Mendelssohn’s “Wedding March” for her wedding, thus beginning a tradition.
Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: The first use of fingerprints as a means of identification occurs in India. | Sports Baseball: The National Association of Baseball Players is organized. | ReligionMarie-Bernard Soubirous (1843-1879), later to become St. Bernadette of Lourdes, first sees a vision of the Virgin Mary at Lourdes in France.ReligionThe Ladies’ Christian Association, forerunner to the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), is founded in New York City.ReligionAnother religious revival begins in New York and Pennsylvania and sweeps across the country; religious conversions are many.Social IssuesSlavery: Slaves are sold at very high prices because of high demand for cotton, and southerners begin to talk about reopening the slave trade. |
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1859 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Supreme Court upholds the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850; Georgia prohibits the deathbed manumission of slaves and rules that free blacks can be sold back into slavery; tensions between North and South escalate.GovernmentNew State: Oregon becomes the 33rd state in the U.S.GovernmentPresident James Buchanan (1791-1868) rules that the New Mexico territory should become a reservation for American Indians.GovernmentNational Capital: The Senate moves into the enlarged north wing of the Capitol, where it remains, today.WarThe first iron-clad armored warship, Britain’s HMS Warrior, is launched. | ScienceBotanist Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793-1884) is the second woman elected to the American Association for the Advancement of Science.ScienceCharles Darwin’s (1809-1882) "Origin of the Species" is published.InventionsThe first practical storage battery is invented.InventionsThe steamroller is invented. | EducationThe Cooper Union in New York City is established, primarily for adult education in the arts and sciences.Arts and LettersOpera: The opera "Faust" is performed.Arts and LettersLiterature: Charles Dickens (1812-1870) writes "A Tale of Two Cities."Arts and LettersWomen's Firsts: Harriet E. Wilson (1827-1863), author of "Our Nig," becomes the first African-American novelist published in the U.S. | Hayes, LucyRutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) is elected to his own two-year term as city solicitor in Cincinnati.Hayes, LucyThe Hayes home is enlarged, with quarters for servants and a brick kitchen with a new range. | EconomicsWork is begun on the Suez Canal.EconomicsThe first commercial oil well is brought in at Titusville, PA.DiscoveryThe first large silver deposit found in the U.S., the Comstock Lode, is found in Nevada.Daily LifeBig Ben, the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament in London is started. | Sports Baseball: The first intercollegiate baseball game in the U.S. is played by students from Amherst and Williams Colleges in Massachusetts.Sports The first national billiards champion wins a $15,000 prize.Popular CultureCharles Blondin (1824-1897) walks across Niagara Falls on the tightrope; he is watched by 25,000 people.Popular CultureWearing the body-hugging costume later named for him, Jules Leotard (1839-1870) performs the first flying trapeze act without a net at the Cirque Napoleon.Popular CultureDaniel Emmett (1815-1904) writes “Dixie” and "Turkey in the Straw." | ReformAbolition Movement: John Brown (1800-1859) seizes the armory at Harper’s Ferry to provide for his militia; he is later captured and hanged. |
1860 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsAbraham Lincoln (1809-1865) of Illinois becomes the first Republican to win the United States Presidency; he becomes the 16th President and Hannibal Hamlin (1809-1891) of Maine is elected as the 15th Vice President.PoliticsSouth Carolina secedes from the Union followed within two months by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. GovernmentStamps: By 1860, almost all countries have postage stamps.GovernmentThe U.S. Secret Service is established. | ScienceThe fact that the star Sirius is a double star is discovered.MedicineFlorence Nightingale (1820-1910) opens the world’s first school of nursing.InventionsThe first practical gasoline engine is built. | EducationThe first English language kindergarten is established in Boston by Elizabeth Peabody (1804-1894).EducationOlympia Brown (1835-1926) becomes the first woman to study theology with men—at St. Lawrence University.Arts and LettersLiterature: George Eliot(1819-1880) (Mary Ann Evans) publishes "The Mill on the Floss."Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: Dion Boucicault (1820-1890) begins promotion of "combination companies". The company and players would travel with scenery for 1 play. | Arthur, EllenWilliam Lewis Arthur (1860-1863), son of Chester Alan and Ellen Arthur, is born December 10. Tyler, JuliaPearl Tyler Ellis (1860-1947), daughter of John Tyler and his second wife Julia, is born June 20. Hayes, LucyLucy Hayes’s (1831-1889) boys suffer from mumps, whooping cough, and measles.Hayes, LucyLucy Hayes (1831-1889) and her husband take a long trip, by riverboat, to Canada, by rail and boat to Boston, to New England and home by way of New York City. Total cost: $310.77.Harrison, CarolineCaroline Harrison (1832-1892) begins 30 years of serving on the board of managers of the Indianapolis Orphans’ Asylum.Wilson, EllenEllen Louise Axson (1860-1914), future first wife of President Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), is born in Savannah, Georgia on May 15.Harding, FlorenceFlorence Kling DeWolfe (1860-1924), future wife of President Warren G. Harding (1865–1923), is born in Marion, Ohio on August 15. | EconomicsSlavery: Cotton shipments are at an all-time high (2 billion pounds a year), which gives the South extra incentives to keep slavery.EconomicsThe first Pony Express riders make it from Missouri to California in 10 days.EconomicsPopulation: The population of the United States (1860) is 32 million.Daily LifeFashion: Bustles begin to take the place of hoop skirts in American women’s fashion.Daily LifeHistory of Toys: A chemistry set for children is offered for sale for $5.00. | Sports Boxing: The longest prizefight in American history is held in Maine; it lasts for 4 hours and 20 minutes.Sports Croquet is introduced to the U.S. from England; it becomes very popular.Sports Golf: The first British Open Golf Championship is held.Popular CultureStephen Foster (1826-1864) composes “Old Black Joe.” | Social IssuesNative Americans: The U.S. Army's Fort Definace in New Mexico is attacked by 1,000 Navaho Indians; the Indians lose.Social IssuesImmigration: Poland’s religious and economic conditions prompt immigration of approximately two million Poles by 1914. ReformWomen's Suffrage Movement: Elizabeth Cady Stanton speaks to a meeting of the New York State Legislature on behalf of women’s suffrage.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: Women are allowed to collect their own wages, to sue, and to inherit their husbands’ property in New York State; married women are allowed to be guardians of their childrenReformLabor Movement: Six thousand shoemakers go on strike in Lynn, MA for higher wages; the companies grant higher wages but refuse to recognize the union. |
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1861 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsJefferson Davis (1808-1889) is elected President of the Confederate States of America.PoliticsVirginia secedes from the Union, followed within five weeks by Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina, thus forming an eleven state Confederacy with a population of 9 million. GovernmentAbraham Lincoln (1809-1865) is inaugurated as the 16th President and Hannibal Hamlin (1809-1891) is inaugurated as the 15th Vice President.GovernmentNew State: Kansas becomes the 34th state in the United States.GovernmentThe United States introduces the passport system.GovernmentCongress passes the first income tax in the U.S. to support the war.WarCivil War: The Union Army under Gen. Irvin McDowell (1818-1885) suffers a defeat at Bull Run 25 miles southwest of Washington. WarCivil War: Pierre Beauregard (1813-1893) opens fire with 50 cannons upon Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. The Civil War begins. WarConfederates invade New Mexico from Texas.The Confederate Territory of Arizona is declared with the capital at La Mesilla. WarCivil War; National Capital: The U.S. Capitol houses Union soldiers, providing medical attention and a place to sleep. | InventionsElisha Otis (1811-1861) patents elevator safety brakes, creating a safer elevator. InventionsLinus Yale (1821-1868) invents the Yale lock or cylinder lock. | EducationThe first American doctor of philosophy degree is awarded by Yale University.EducationWomen's Colleges: Vassar College for women is founded in Poughkeepsie, NY.Arts and LettersPoetry: George Eliot (1819-1880) (Mary Ann Evans) writes "Silas Marner."Arts and LettersLiterature: Charles Dickens (1812-1870) writes "Great Expectations." | Lincoln, MaryThe Lincolns (Abraham: 1809-1865 and Mary Todd: 1818-1882) move into the White House in March of 1861.Hayes, LucyRutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) joins the 23rd Ohio Volunteer infantry as a Major. Hayes, LucyLucy and Rutherford Hayes’s fourth son, Joseph Thompson (1861-1863), is born on December 21 in Cincinnati.Harrison, CarolineCaroline (1832-1892) and Benjamin (1831-1901) Harrison’s third child and second daughter dies at birth.Roosevelt, EdithEdith Kermit Carow (1861-1948), future wife of Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), is born in Norwich, Connecticut on August 6.Taft, HelenHelen Herron (1861-1943), future wife of President William Howard Taft [1909-1913] is born in Cincinnati, Ohio on June 2. | EconomicsAmerican Money: Gold payments are suspended; greenbacks become the national currency.EconomicsTransportation: Railroad History: Leland Stanford (1824-1893) hires Chinese laborers to help build the western part of the Central Pacific Railroad.EconomicsTransportation: Railroad History: There are 30,000 miles of railroad track in the U.S.EconomicsTelegraph wires are strung between San Francisco and New York.EconomicsPencils are mass-produced in New York by Eberhard Faber.EconomicsAmerican Money: Congress authorizes the United States Treasury to issue paper money for the first time in the form of non-interest bearing Treasury Notes called Demand Notes. Daily LifeDaily weather forecasts are begun in Britain. | Popular CultureHot Air Balloons: A record balloon trip is made between Cincinnati, Ohio and the South Carolina coast is made in 9 hours.Popular CultureWartime Music: “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” is written during the Civil War by Julia War Howe for the Union.Popular CultureWartime Music: “Battle Cry of Freedom” is written during the Civil War by George F. Root for the Union.Popular CultureWartime Music: “Dixie Land” is written during the Civil War by Daniel Emmett for the Confederate. | |
1862 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentThe Homestead Act is passed, decreeing that any American may have 160 acres of land in the west free, if he lives on it for five years.GovernmentPresident Lincoln (1809-1865) issues the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring all slaves "henceforth and forever free."GovernmentThe U.S. Department of Agriculture is created by Congress.GovernmentThe Medal of Honor is authorized by Congress.GovernmentRailroad History: President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) signs the Pacific Railway Act, which authorizes the construction of the first transcontinental railroad. GovernmentAmerican Money: The Secretary of the Treasury is empowered by Congress to have notes engraved and printed, which is done by private banknote companies. WarCivil War: The bloodiest battle of the Civil War occurs at Antietam; over 23,000 are killed or wounded. WarCivil War: The Confederate Ironclad 'Merrimac' sinks two wooden Union ships then battles the Union Ironclad 'Monitor' to a draw. Naval warfare is thus changed forever, making wooden ships obsolete. WarCivil War: Confederate surprise attack on Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's (1822-1885) unprepared troops at Shiloh on the Tennessee River results in a bitter struggle with 13,000 Union killed and wounded and 10,000 Confederates.WarCivil War: 75,000 Federals under Gen. John Pope (1874-1937) are defeated by 55,000 Confederates under Gen. Stonewall Jackson (1824-1863) and Gen. James Longstreet (1821-1904) at the second battle of Bull Run in northern Virginia. | ScienceThe speed of light is successfully measured.MedicineThe first children’s clinic is opened in New York City.InventionsThe Gatling (a 10 barrel, automatic firing) gun is invented by R.J. Gatling (1818-1903).InventionsA timepiece for split-second timing—the chronograph—is invented.InventionsAlexander Parkes (1813-1890) invents the first man-made plastic. InventionsJean Lenoir (1822-1900) makes a gasoline engine automobile. | EducationChildren’s Books: Christina Rossetti''s (1830-1894) long fantasy, "Goblin Market," about two sisters'' struggle to resist the tempting fruits of the goblin men, was long categorized as a children''s fairy tale, but is increasingly reread as a major poem of its period.EducationWomen's Firsts: In Ohio, Mary Jane Patterson receives a degree from Oberlin, becoming the first black woman to graduate from an American college.EducationAfrican American Education: One of the earliest and longest-lived freedmen’s schools, the Penn School on St. Helena Island, NC, is founded by Laura Matilda Towne (1825-1901).EducationWomen's Firsts: Geologist Florence Bascom (1862-1945) becomes the first woman to receive a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University; she goes on to teach at Bryn Mawr.EducationThe Morrill Land-Grant Act endows colleges of agriculture and industry.Arts and LettersLiterature; Victor Hugo (1802-1885) writes "Les Misérables." | Lincoln, MaryThe Lincolns’ son William Wallace (1850-1862) dies of typhoid fever at age 11 on February 20.Harrison, CarolineBenjamin Harrison (1831-1901) raises a regiment for the Union in the Civil War (1,000 men from Indiana) known as the 70th Indiana Regiment.Van Buren, HannahMartin Van Buren (1782-1862), 8th President of the U.S., dies in Kinderhook, New York. Tyler, JuliaJohn Tyler (1790-1862), 10th President of the U.S., dies in Richmond, Virginia. | Economics1,000 guns a day are being produced by the Colt factory.EconomicsThe first automobile with an internal combustion engine is constructed.EconomicsA process for concentrating fruit juice is patented.EconomicsAmerican Money: Demand Notes are replaced by United States Notes. | Popular CultureJulia Ward Howe's (1819-1910) poem, "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" is published and later set to music. The music for "Taps" is also composed. | |
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1863 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentPresident Lincoln (1809-1865) issues the final Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in territories held by Confederates and emphasizes the enlisting of black soldiers in the Union Army. GovernmentNew Mexico is divided in half, creating the Territory of Arizona. GovernmentNational Capital: The "Statue of Freedom" is place on top of the Capitol building and becomes the crowning feature of the dome.GovernmentCongress establishes free mail delivery in cities.GovernmentNew State: West Virginia becomes the 35th state in the United States.GovernmentPresident Lincoln (1809-1865) delivers the Gettysburg Address.WarCivil War: The tide of war turns against the South as the Confederates are defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. WarCivil War: The Union institutes a draft to recruit soldiers for the Civil War.WarCivil War: The Battle of Gettysburg takes place. | ScienceThe National Academy of Sciences is founded in Washington, DC. | EducationChildren’s Books: The Rev. Charles Kingsley’s (1819-1875) fairy tale "The Water-Babies" combines many of these enthusiasms in a tale of how a little chimney-sweep goes backward in evolution when he is wicked, and forwards when he does as he would be done by.Arts and LettersSamuel Langhorne Clemens (1835-1910) adopts the pen-name, Mark Twain.Arts and LettersPoetry: Henry Wordsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) publishes the poem, “Paul Revere’s Ride.” | Pierce, JaneJane Means Appleton Pierce (1806-1863), wife of Franklin Pierce (1804-1869), dies of tuberculosis in Andover, Massachusetts on December 2 at the age of 57.Arthur, EllenWilliam Lewis Arthur (1860-1863), son of Chester Alan and Ellen Arthur, dies July 7. Hayes, LucyLucy and Rutherford Hayes’s fourth son, Joseph (1861-1863), dies of dysentery at the age of two on June 24.Johnson, ElizaCharles Johnson (1830-1863), son of Andrew and Eliza Johnson, dies April 4 in a horse accident. Hayes, LucyLucy Hayes (1831-1889), her four sons, and her mother go to West Virginia to be with Rutherford (1822-1893) and his regiment. | EconomicsAmerican Money: The design of U.S. currency incorporates a Treasury seal, the fine line engraving necessary for the difficult-to-counterfeit itaglio printing, intricate geometric lathe work patterns, and distinctive linen paper with embedded red and blue fibers. EconomicsTransportation: The world''''s first underground railway service, London''''s Metropolitan line between Paddington and Farringdon, is opened. EconomicsTraveler’s Insurance Company is founded in Hartford, CT.Daily LifeHolidays: The first national Thanksgiving Day is proclaimed by President Lincoln (1809-1865) to be the fourth Thursday of November.Daily LifeThe first paper dress patterns are developed by Ebenezer Butterick (1826-1903). | Sports The four-wheeled roller skate is patented by James Plimpton of New York. Sports Horse Racing: The Grand Prix horse race is first held in Paris.Popular CultureStephen Foster (1826-1864) composes “Beautiful Dreamer.” | ReligionOlympia Brown (1835-1926) is ordained a minister by the Northern Universalists in Weymouth, MA.ReligionThe Seventh Day Adventist church was officially founded by Ellen G White, James White and Joseph Bates.Social IssuesNative Americans: Kit Carson (1809-1868) begins resettling Navajo and Apache Indians on reservations by force.Social IssuesSlavery: The Emancipation Proclamation delivered by President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) decrees that all slaves in Rebel territory are free on January 1, 1863. |
1864 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawChief Justices: President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) nominates Salmon Portland Chase (1808-1873) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; he is confirmed by the Senate on the same day, and holds the position for eight years, until his death in 1873.PoliticsAbraham Lincoln (1809-1865) is reelected for a second term as President of the United States, and Andrew Johnson (1808-1875) is elected as the nation's 16th Vice President. GovernmentNew State: Nevada becomes the 36th state in the United States.GovernmentThe territory of Montana is organized.GovernmentTwenty-six nations sign the Geneva Conventions, an agreement to respect humanitarian rules of war with respect to prisoners, sick soldiers, Red Cross neutrality, and civilians in war zones.GovernmentAmerican Money: Congress authorizes the inscription, "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins.WarCivil War: General William Tecumseh Sherman (1820-1891) marches his Union army through Georgia, captures Atlanta and Savannah, and leaves a 300 mile path of destruction, 60 miles wide, all the way to the sea. | MedicineWomen's Firsts: Dr. Mary Edwards Walker (1832-1919) is appointed assistant surgeon in the Union
Army.InventionsAfrican American Inventors: Inventor Norbert Rillieux (1806-1894) patents a process for refining sugar that is used by sugar processing plants all over the world.TechnologyAirplanes: Count Ferdinand d’Esterno, France, publishes the first scientific observations of the effects of the wind on a wing in his pamphlet, "Du Vol des Oiseaux." | EducationPublic Education: Native Americans: Indian Education: Congress makes it illegal for Native Americans to be taught in their native languages. Native children as young as four years old are taken from their parents and sent to Bureau of Indian Affairs off-reservation boarding schools, whose goal, as one BIA official put it, is to "kill the Indian to save the man."EducationWomen’s Firsts: Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1846-1922) becomes the first black woman to receive an M.D. degree. She graduated from the New England Female Medical College. Arts and LettersLiterature: Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) begins writing his epic, "War and Peace."Arts and LettersLiterature: Jules Verne (1828-1905) publishes "A Journey to the Center of the Earth." | Harrison, AnnaAnna Tuthill Symmes (1775-1864) Harrison dies on February 25 in North Bend, Ohio, at the age of eighty-eight.Hayes, LucyRutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) runs for Congress from Ohio and wins without ever leaving his troops.Hayes, LucyLucy and Rutherford Hayes’s fifth son, George Crook (1864-1866) is born on September 29 in Chillicothe, Ohio.Cleveland, FrancesFrances Folsom (1864-1947), future wife of President Grover Cleveland (1837–1908), is born in Buffalo, New York, on July 21. She is the sixth of ten First Ladies born in New York, the "mother state" of presidential wives. (Rose Elizabeth Cleveland, sister of Grover Cleveland, served as his First Lady during the first two years of his presidency, and is the fifth First Lady born in New York State). | EconomicsTransportation: Railroad History: The Pennsylvania Railroad begins using steel for its rails.Daily LifeTaking pictures that will be become famous as a record of the Civil War, New York photographer Matthew Brady (1822-1896) travels through the nation's battlefields.Daily LifeNewspapers: In Louisiana, the New Orleans Tribune begins publication. It is one of the first African-American-run daily newspapers. | | Social IssuesImmigration: European immigration to the U.S. increases, due in large part to the Homestead Act and also because immigrants are excluded from the draft.Social IssuesNative Americans: Many Navahos die as they make the "Long March" through New Mexico to their grim reservation at Bosque Redondo.Social IssuesNative Americans: The massacre of Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians at Sand Creek, CO occurs.ReformLabor Movement: The first International Workingmen's Association is founded by Karl Marx (1818-1883) in London and New York. |
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1865 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawCivil Rights Movement: The Thirteenth Amendment, forbidding slavery, is passed by the Congress, ratified by two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution.GovernmentWarren G. Harding (1865-1923), 29th President of the United States, is born near Marion, Ohio.GovernmentAmerican Money: Gold Certificates are issued by the Department of the Treasury against gold coin and buillion deposits and are circulated until 1933. GovernmentAmerican Money: The Department of the Treasury establishes the United States Secret Service to control counterfeit money. GovernmentFollowing the assassination of President Lincoln, his Vice-President, Andrew Johnson (1808-1875), becomes the 17th President of the United States. No new Vice President is selected. WarIndian Wars: Escalation of the Plains War between the U.S. military and the Sioux and Cheyenne.WarCivil War: Gen. Robert E. Lee (1807-1870) surrenders his Confederate Army to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885) at the village of Appomattox Court House in Virginia; the Civil War ends. | ScienceGregor Mendel (1822-1884) proposes the laws of heredity.MedicineAntiseptic surgery is initiated by Joseph Lister (1827-1912) using carbolic acid.MedicineThe Chicago Hospital for Women and Children is established, in part, by Dr. Mary Harris Thompson, one of the best-known surgeons of her era.MedicineWomen's Firsts: Dr. Mary Walker (1832-1919) becomes the first woman to receive the Medal of Honor, for her service during the Civil War.InventionsThe coffee percolator is invented. | EducationHigher Education: The Universities of Maine and Kentucky, Purdue University and Cornell University are all founded.EducationHigher Education: Yale University opens the first Department of Fine Arts in the U.S.EducationHigher Education: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is founded.EducationWomen's Colleges: Maria Mitchell (1818-1889) is the first woman appointed as a professor of astronomy, at Vassar College.EducationChildren''s Books: Lewis Carroll''s (1832-1898) "Alice in Wonderland" is published.EducationChildren''s Books: "Hans Brinker," or "The Silver Skates" is written by Mary Mapes Dodge (1831-1905).EducationPublic Education (1865-1877): African Americans mobilize to bring public education to the South for the first time. After the Civil War, and with the legal end of slavery, African Americans in the South make alliances with white Republicans to push for many political changes, including for the first time rewriting state constitutions to guarantee free public education. In practice, white children benefit more than Black children.Arts and LettersOpera: Wagner’s (1813-1883) opera "Tristan and Isolde," premiers in Munich. Arts and LettersLiterature: Jules Verne (1828-1905) writes "From the Earth to the Moon." | Jackson, RachelAndrew Jackson Jr. (1808-1865), Andrew and Rachel Jackson's adopted son (he was one of the pair of twins born to a sibling of Rachel Jackson), dies. Lincoln, MaryAssassination: President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) is assassinated at Ford's Theatre in Washington, DC. Johnson, ElizaEliza McCardle Johnson (1810-1876) is the first First Lady to teach her husband, Andrew Johnson, to read and write. Lincoln, MaryMary Todd Lincoln (1818-1882) and her family move to Chicago.Hayes, LucyRutherford (1822-1893) and Lucy (1831-1889) Hayes go to Washington for his first term in Congress. The children stay in Chillicothe with their grandmother.Harrison, CarolineGeneral Benjamin Harrison (1831-1901) and the 70th Indiana are mustered out of Federal service on June 8, 1865. | EconomicsThe Atlantic cable is completed.EconomicsThe first oil pipeline is laid in Pennsylvania (6 miles).EconomicsThe Union Stockyards open in Chicago.Daily LifeThe first carpet sweeper comes into popular use.Daily LifeTransportation: George Pullman''s (1831-1897) railroad sleeping cars appear in the U.S.Daily LifeThe first fire department with paid firefighters is founded in New York City. | Sports Billiard balls made out of a composition material replace balls made of ivory.Sports Boxing: Boxing's Queensbury Rules are laid out.Sports Women in Sports: Matthew Vassar opens Vassar College with a special School of Physical Training with classes in riding, gardening, swimming, boating, skating and "other physical accomplishments suitable for ladies to acquire ... bodily strength and grace." Popular CultureAnother popular favorite published this year is Mark Twain's (1835-1910) short story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County." | Social IssuesHate Groups: The Ku Klux Kan is founded in Tennessee.Social IssuesPoverty: The Salvation Army is founded in England by William Booth (1829-1912). |
1866 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawCivil Rights Movement: The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting voter discrimination, is passed by the Congress. GovernmentCivil Rights Movement: The Freedman’s Bureau Bill is established to provide assistance to freed slaves.GovernmentAmerican Money: Congress authorizes the issuance of the 5-cent piece, the “nickel.”GovernmentTennessee becomes the first state readmitted to the Union. GovernmentCivil Rights Movement: Despite the veto of President Andrew Johnson (1808-1875), the U.S. passes a Civil Rights Law, protecting the rights of citizenship for former slaves freed by the Thirteenth Amendment. | InventionsDynamite is developed by Swedish engineer Alfred Nobel (1801-1872).InventionsEnglishmen Robert Whitehead (1861-1947) invents a torpedo. InventionsA 12-horsepower steam automobile is developed in Connecticut.TechnologyBattery Technology: Georges Leclanche (1839-1882), a French engineer, patents a new system, which is immediately successful. In the space of two years, twenty thousand of his cells are being used in the telegraph system.TechnologyAirplanes: The Aeronautical Society is founded in England. | EducationWomen’s Firsts: Lucy Hobbs (1833-1910) becomes the first woman to graduate from dental school, the Ohio College of Dental Surgery. Arts and LettersLiterature: Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) writes "War and Peace."Arts and LettersLiterature: Feodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881) writes "Crime and Punishment." | Van Buren, HannahJohn Van Buren (1810-1866), son of Martin and Hannah Van Buren dies October 13 of kidney failure while at sea. Hayes, LucyLucy Hayes (1831-1889) returns to Chillicothe in March; the older boys study German.Hayes, LucyLucy and Rutherford Hayes’s fifth son, George Crook (1864-1866), dies of scarlet fever on May 24 at the age of 20 months. | EconomicsAmerican Money: National Bank Notes, backed by U.S. government securities, becomes predominant. EconomicsThe first refrigerated railroad car is built in Detroit.EconomicsLaying of the second Atlantic cable is completed.Daily LifeThe first Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) opens in Boston. | Sports Women in Sports: Baseball: Vassar College fields the first two women''s amateur baseball teams. | ReligionAn early congregation of Reform Jews builds the Plum Street Temple in Cincinnati, Ohio.Social IssuesJim Crow Laws: The former Confederate States enact "Black code" (later known as Jim Crow) laws to counteract the thirteenth amendment.ReformLabor Movement: The National Labor Union is founded in Baltimore, the first such industrial trade-union confederation and a landmark in the U.S. labor movement.ReformAnimal Rights Movement: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is founded in New York City.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Martha Coffin Pelham Wright, Lucretia Mott, and Ernestine Rose found the American Equal Rights Association, seeking both black and women’s suffrage. |
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1867 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentThe Dominion of Canada is established by The British North America Act.GovernmentEducation: The federal Office of Education is established to provide information on the condition of education in the United States.GovernmentNew State: Nebraska becomes the 37th state of the Union. GovernmentAlaska is purchased from Russia for the sum of $7.2 million, approximately two cents an acre. | MedicineLister (1827-1912) publishes "Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery," based partly on Pasteur's work.InventionsChristopher Sholes (1819-1890) invents the first practical and modern typewriter. InventionsThe first motorcycle is invented.InventionsBarbed wire is first patented by Lucien B. Smith of Ohio. InventionsJoseph Monier (1823-1906) of Paris first patents reinforced concrete.InventionsElizabeth Hawks receives a patent for a stove with a separate “air chamber” for baking. | EducationHigher Education: The first U.S. dental school is established at Harvard. EducationHigher Education: Howard University, the first predominantly Negro college to offer comprehensive university facilities, is chartered.EducationSpecial Education: The Clark Institute for Deaf Mutes is chartered; it is the first U.S. school to teach the deaf using German principles of articulation and lip-reading.Arts and LettersDrama: Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) writes "Peer Gynt."Arts and LettersOpera: Charles Gounod’s (1818-1893) opera, "Romeo et Juliette," is performed in Paris.Arts and LettersWalt Whitman (1819-1992) circulates this fourth edition as four separately paginated books stitched together between two covers: a vastly re-edited version of the 1860 "Leaves of Grass," a reissue of "Drum-Taps," a reissue of the "Sequel to Drum-Taps," and a striking coda called "Songs Before Parting."Ideas"Das Kapital" is published by Karl Marx (1818-1883). | Hayes, LucyLucy and Rutherford Hayes’s first and only daughter, Fannie (1867-1950), is born in Cincinnati on September 2.Hayes, LucyRutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) resigns his seat in Congress, runs for Governor of Ohio, and wins by less than 3,000 votes.Harrison, CarolineBenjamin Harrison (1831-1901) runs for Governor of Indiana; is defeated by the Democrats. | EconomicsTransportation: Railroad History: The first elevated railroad is built in New York City.EconomicsThe first paperback books are published in Leipzig, Germany.DiscoveryDiamond fields are discovered in South Africa.DiscoveryGold is discovered in Wyoming.Daily LifeMagazines: Mary Louise Booth (1831-1889) becomes editor of the new "Harper’s Bazaar" magazine. | Sports Horse Racing: The Belmont Stakes horserace is run for the first time in New York. Sports Women in Sports: Golf: St. Andrew''s in Scotland is the first ladies golf club. Popular Culture“The Blue Danube Waltz” is written by Johann Strauss II (1825-1899).Popular CultureThe first of the popular “rags to riches” stories, "Ragged Dick," or "Street Life in New York" is published by Horatio Alger. | ReligionChildren’s Books: Religious books for children are often more attractively produced, and also much gentler, even sentimental, in religious messages like "The Pretty Village." Social IssuesNative Americans: The Treaty of Medicine Lodge between the U.S. and the Cheyenne and Arapaho forces the two tribes to move to a reservation in Indian Territory, on land that was ceded by Indian tribes to the U.S. after the end of the Civil War.Social IssuesNative Americans: Reservations in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) are set up by Congress for the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles).ReformCivil Rights Movement: Congress gives blacks the right to vote in Washington, D.C. |
1868 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawNative Americans: A clause in the 14th Amendment “excluding Indians not taxed” prevents Native-American men from receiving the right to vote. LawCivil Rights Movement: The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting states from infringing on the rights of American citizens is ratified by two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution.PoliticsUlysses S. Grant (1822-1885) is elected as the 18th President of the United States, and the first from Ohio; Schuyler Colfax (1823-1885) is elected as the nation's 17th Vice President.PoliticsImpeachment: Current President Andrew Johnson (1808-1875) is impeached by the House of Representatives, but escapes conviction by one vote.GovernmentCivil Rights Movement: Congress makes black suffrage mandatory for a Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union. | ScienceA Cro-Magnon skeleton (the first homo sapiens) is found in France.InventionsThe air brake is invented by George Westinghouse (1846-1914).InventionsAn electric voting machine is patented by Thomas Edison (1847-1931).InventionsGeorge Westinghouse (1846-1914) invents the compressed air locomotive brake, which enables trains to be stopped with fail-safe accuracy.InventionsRailroad History: Major Eli Janney (1831 – 1912), a confederate veteran of the civil war, invents the knuckle coupler. This semi-automatic device locks upon the cars closing together without the rail worker getting between the cars. TechnologyAirplanes: Jean-Marie Le Bris (1817-1872) tests an improved version of his glider, making several unmanned glides before it crashes.TechnologyAirplanes: John Stringfellow, England, proposes a man-carrying triplane, similar to Henson’s aerial steam carriage. It captures the public’s imagination, although the model does not perform well when tested. | Arts and LettersLiterature: Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888) writes "Little Women."Arts and LettersBrahams’ (1833-1897) “Lullaby” is published. | Lane, HarrietJames Buchanan (1791-1868), 15th President of the U.S. and the only bachelor to be elected President, dies June 1 at Wheatland (near Lancaster, Pennsylvania).Lincoln, MaryMary Todd Lincoln (1818-1882) travels to Europe with her son, Tad.Hayes, LucyRutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) is inaugurated as Governor of Ohio in January. His salary is $4,000. | EconomicsThe Armour meat-packing factory is opened in Chicago.Daily LifeThe world's first traffic lights, built near London's Parliament Square, begin operation. | Sports The first recorded bicycle race is held in Paris.Sports Golf: Golf''s first recorded hole-in-one is scored in Scotland.Sports The game of badminton is invented in England.Sports The sport of skating is regulated at a meeting of an American skating congress in Pittsburgh.Sports The first indoor track and field meet is held in New York City. | ReligionBrigham Young (1801-1877) marries his 27th and final wife. Religion “O Little Town of Bethlehem” is written by Episcopal clergyman Phillips Brooks (1835-1893).Social IssuesImmigration: Japanese laborers arrive in Hawaii to work in sugar cane fields. ReformLabor Movement: The first 8-hour day begins for government workers. Others continue to work long hours. |
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1869 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawWomen’s Firsts: Arabella Mansfield (1846-1911) is granted admission to practice law in Iowa, making her the first woman lawyer.LawIn "Texas v. White," the U.S. Supreme Court rules that secession is illegal. Following this decision, Congress restores a republican government in Texas.LawThe Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, affirming the right to vote and forbidding states to deny that right based on race, color, or "previous condition of servitude," is passed by Congress.PoliticsThird Parties: The National Prohibition Party is formed in Chicago.GovernmentThe first Black U.S. diplomat, Ebenezer D. Bassett (1833-1908), becomes minister-resident to Haiti. GovernmentUlysses S. Grant (1822-1885) is inaugurated as the 18th President of the United States, and Schuyler Colfax (1823-1885) is inaugurated as the nation's 17th Vice President.GovernmentStamps: First U.S. pictorial stamps appear; this is the first time that U.S. stamps show something other than a dead person. | InventionsRailroad History: George Westinghouse (1846-1914), an inventive Civil War veteran, develops the straight air brake. InventionsIves W. McGaffey of Chicago patents an early suction type vacuum cleaner. InventionsCelluloid is invented by J.W. Hyatt.InventionsChewing gum is patented by William F. Semple.InventionsMargarine is patented in France. | EducationEducation of Women: Three women are admitted to the Chicago Medical College.EducationChildren’s Books: A beautiful Victorian illustrated "Cinderella" is published, along with a new versification of the story by Robert Willis, as "The Children''s Christmas Annual for 1869."Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: There are 21 theatres in New York and 6 in Boston.IdeasJohn Stuart Mill (1806-1873) writes "On the Subjugation of Women." | Johnson, ElizaRobert Johnson (1834-1869), son of Andrew and Eliza Johnson, dies April 22 by taking his own life. Pierce, JaneFranklin Pierce (1804-1869), the 14th president of the United States, dies October 8 in Concord, New Hampshire. Hayes, LucyRutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) runs for a second term as Governor of Ohio and is once again elected. Lucy Hayes (1831-1889) continues her role as First Lady of Ohio.Grant, JuliaJulia Dent Grant (1826-1902) is the first President's wife to have the Inaugural Ball in the Treasury. She also had the first closets built in the White House, and was the first First Lady to close the White House grounds to the public. | EconomicsTransportation: Railroad History: The first trans-continental railroad is finished when the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads are joined on May 10.EconomicsThe Suez Canal is opened, after more than 10 years of construction. EconomicsGypsy moths are brought to Massachusetts to start a silk industry. They escape, however, and cause all kinds of problems around the country.EconomicsTransportation: The clipper ship, "Cutty Sark," is launched. | Sports Soccer: Intercollegiate football (soccer) is begun by Rutgers and Princeton.Sports The first professional baseball team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings, is founded.Sports Women in Sports: Frenchwomen enter cycling races at Bordeaux, France. Popular CultureMark Twain (1835-1910) publishes his book "Innocents Abroad." | ReligionThe first Vatican Council meets in Rome.Social IssuesNative Americans: The Transcontinental Railroad cuts across Native American lands.ReformWomen’s Firsts: Arabella Mansfield (1846-1911) is granted admission to practice law in Iowa, making her the first woman lawyer. ReformWomen's Suffrage Movement: Susan B. Anthony founds the American Women’s Suffrage Association. The newspaper she founds has the slogan “Men, their rights and nothing more; women, their rights and nothing less.”ReformWomen's Suffrage Movement: The Wyoming Territory becomes the first state to grant women suffrage.ReformTemperance Movement: The National Temperance Convention meets in Chicago to form the Prohibition Party. |
1870 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawCivil Rights Movement: The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution affirming the right to vote and forbidding states to deny that right based on race, color, or "previous condition of servitude," is ratifiedby two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution.Politics Hiram Revels (1827-1901) (Mississippi) becomes the first Black elected to U.S. Senate. PoliticsJefferson Long (1836-1901) (Georgia) becomes the first Black elected to U.S. House of Representatives.GovernmentCongress authorizes the registration of trademarks. GovernmentThe U.S. Congress readmits Texas to the Union.GovernmentThe U.S. Justice Department is created. | MedicineLouis Pasteur (1822- 1895) and Robert Koch (1843-1910) establish the germ theory of disease.InventionsThomas Edison (1847-1931) invents the stock ticker.InventionsMary Carpenter patents a sewing machine with a self-threading, self-setting needle. TechnologyConstruction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins.TechnologyAirplanes: Alphonse Penaud (1850-1880), France, uses twisted rubber bands to power a miniature helicopter. It’s copied by dozens of toymakers in Europe in America. | EducationEducation of Women: The first sorority: Kappa Alpha Theta, is established at De Pauw University.EducationEducation of Women: Ada H. Kepley (1847-1925) becomes the first woman to graduate from law school (at Union College of Law, Chicago).Arts and LettersMuseums: The Metropolitan Museum of Art is founded in New York City. | Lincoln, MaryCongress appropriates a pension for Mary Todd (1818-1882) Lincoln of $3,000, later raised to $5,000.Hayes, LucyLucy Hayes (1831-1889) and Rutherford (1822-1893) successfully campaign for official Ohio state support for the establishment of a home for children orphaned by the Civil War. | EconomicsStandard Oil Co. of Ohio is incorporated, with John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937) as president and majority stockholder.EconomicsCensus: The U.S. population is 39.8 million, including, for the first time, African Americans listed by name.EconomicsThe Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Co. (the A&P) is founded.DiscoveryHeinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) begins excavations on the site of Homer's Troy.Daily LifeA donkey first appears in a cartoon to symbolize the U.S. Democratic Party.Daily LifeThe Marcel wave becomes a popular women’s hairstyle. | Popular CultureJules Verne (1828-1905) writes "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea." | ReligionThe first Vatican Council declares the dogma of papal infallibility.ReformAbolition Movement: The American Anti-Slavery Society is dissolved. ReformBlack Suffrage Movement: The 15th Amendment of the Constitution provides African-American males with the right to vote. |
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1871 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentThe first Civil Service Commission is appointed by President Grant. | ScienceCharles Darwin (1809-1882) writes
"The Descent of Man," in which he asserts that all mammals descend from a single ancestor.MedicineThe bacillus that causes leprosy is discovered.InventionsThe first cable car is invented. TechnologyAirplanes: Alphonse Penaud (1850-1880) builds a planophore, a 20-inch long monoplane with a pusher propeller powered by a rubber band. It flies 131 feet in 11 seconds — the first flight of an inherently stable aircraft.TechnologyAirplanes: Francis Herbert Wenham and John Browning, England, invent the wind tunnel. They use it to prove that cambered wings produce more lift than other shapes. | EducationChildren’s Books: Mother Goose is reprinted, with verses set to music.EducationParochial Education: The Archdiocese of New York receives $700,000 in public funds for schooling.EducationPublic Education: Michigan, New Hampshire, and Washington enact compulsory school attendance laws.Arts and LettersOpera: "Aida," by Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901), is performed in Cairo, where the opera is set; it is written in honor of the opening of the Suez Canal.Arts and LettersLiterature: George Eliot (1819-1880) writes "Middlemarch." Arts and LettersLiterature: Henry James’ (1843-1916) first novel, "Watch And Ward", is written as he travela through Venice and Paris.IdeasMarx’s (1818-1883) "Communist Manifesto" appears for the first time in English. | Lincoln, MaryMary Todd Lincoln (1818-1882) returns to the United States. Her son Thomas (1853-1871) dies of tuberculosis at age 18.Hayes, LucyLucy Hayes’s sixth son, Scott Russell (1871-1923), is born in Columbus, Ohio on February 8. His sister Fanny calls him “little boy sister.”Tyler, JuliaJulia Tyler Spencer (1849-1871), daughter of John Tyler and his second wife Julia, dies May 8 from childbirth complications. Arthur, EllenEllen Herndon "Nell" Arthur (Pinkerton) (1871-1915), daughter of Chester Alan and Ellen Arthur, is born November 21. Mckinley, IdaKatherine "Katie" McKinley (1871-1875), the first child of William and Ida McKinley, is born December 25. | Economics The S.S. Oceanic, the first of the White Star Line luxury liners, is launched.Daily LifeDisasters: The Chicago Fire burns down about three and one half miles of the city. | Sports The National Rifle Association is founded by Union Army officersSports Women in Sports: Miss Carrie A. Moore demonstrates a variety of roller skating movements at the Occidental Rink in San Francisco. Later in the same day, she exhibits her skill on a velocipede. Popular Culture“The Greatest Show on Earth”—P.T. Barnum’s (1810-1891) circus—opens in Brooklyn, NY.Popular CultureLewis Carroll (1832-1898) writes "Through the Looking Glass."Popular CultureThe poem, “The Owl and the Pussycat” is written by Edward Lear (1812-1888). | ReligionThe hymn “Onward Christian Soldiers” is composed.Social IssuesNative Americans: The Indian Appropriation Act is passed by Congress, making Native Americans wards of the federal government.ReformLabor Movement: Labor unions are legalized in Britain. |
1872 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsPresident Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885) is elected for a second term, and Henry Wilson (1812-1875) is elected as the nation's 18th Vice President. PoliticsThird Parties; Women's Firsts: The Equal Rights Party nominates Victoria Woodhull (1838-1927) as the first woman candidate for President and African American leader Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) as her running mate. GovernmentPresidents: Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933), 30th President of the United States, is born in Plymouth, Vermont.GovernmentCongress abolishes the income tax it had imposed during the Civil War. | ScienceLouis Pasteur (1822-1895) shows that fermentation is caused by microorganisms. ScienceBacteriology is established as a science.Science"Popular Science Monthly" begins to be published.InventionsThe doughnut cutter is patented by John F. Blondel of Maine.InventionsA crude forerunner of the movie projector—the “zoopraxiscope”—is invented.InventionsAfrican American Inventors: Elijah McCoy (1843-1929) invents an oiling devise that allows machines to be oiled while in motion. | EducationPublic Education: Connecticut enacts compulsory school attendance laws.EducationParochial Education: About 30,000 children attend Lutheran parochial schools. EducationPublic Education: The Tileston Normal School is opened in Wilmington, NC as one of the first free schools in the area open to poor students.EducationChildren’s Books: Christina Rossetti (1830-1894) writes a books of shorter verses for young children entitled "Sing-Song."Arts and LettersPainting: James Whistler (1834-1903) paints a portrait of his mother.IdeasThe Granger Movement is formed, a forerunner of the populist movement of the 1890s. | Wilson, EdithEdith Bolling Galt (1872-1961), future second wife of President Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), is born in Wytheville, Virginia on October 15. | EconomicsMontgomery Ward opens in Chicago.EconomicsRailroad History: George Westinghouse (1846-1914) patents the first automatic air brake. This is basically the same system as is used by today's railroads.Daily LifeYellowstone, the world's first National Park, is opened.Daily LifeDisasters: The American ship "Mary Celeste" is found abandoned in the Atlantic en route to Genoa. Daily LifeThe Brooklyn Bridge is opened. | Sports Soccer: The first English Football Association (F.A.) Cup final is played at the Kennington Oval in London.Sports Soccer: The first international soccer game is held when England plays Scotland.Sports The first U.S. ski club is founded in New Hampshire. | ReligionThe International Bible Students Association, which evolved into the Jehovah’s Witness religious sect, is founded.Social IssuesBirth Control: The “Comstock Law” forbids the transport of contraceptives in the United States.ReformWomen's Suffrage Movement: Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906) and other feminists are arrested for trying to vote in the presidential election. ReformWomen's Rights Movement: Congress guarantees equal pay for equal work in federal jobs. |
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1873 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsThe American Granger movement, which organizes U.S. farmers in the midwest to counter monopolistic transportation practices by the railroads,
reaches its peak membership.
GovernmentThe North West Mounted Police are formed in Canada, later to become the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.GovernmentPresident Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885) is inaugurated for a second term, and Henry Wilson (1812-1875) is inaugurated as the nation's 18th Vice President. | ScienceThe American Metrological Society, the first organization to improve the system of weights and measures, is formed. ScienceAstronomer Maria Mitchell (1818-1889) founds the Association for the Advancement of Women.MedicineDr. Mary Jane Safford (1834-1891) joins the faculty of the newly opened Boston University School of Medicine as a professor of women’s diseases.InventionsAfrican American Inventors: Lewis Latimer (1848-1928) invents a water closet (toilet system) for railroad cars.TechnologyThe first color photographs are developed. | EducationAuthor Sarah Chauncey Woolsey, a.k.a. Susan Coolidge (1835-1905), revolutionizes school story books by blending imaginary and real-life episodes.EducationPublic Education: William T. Harris (1835-1909), Superintendent of the St. Louis school system, incorporates kindergarten into the schoolsEducationThe discipline of sociology is established with Herbert Spencer’s (1820-1903) "The Study of Sociology."EducationLibraries: Chicago Public Library opens.EducationWomen’s Colleges: The College of Notre Dame of Maryland is founded.EducationWomen’s Firsts: Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911), the first woman to be admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, earns her B.S. degree. She becomes the first female professional chemist in the U.S. Arts and LettersLiterature: Mark Twain (1835-1910) and Charles Dudley Warner (1829-1900) write "The Gilded Age;" the phrase becomes a descriptor for the era.Ideas“Set theory” in mathematics is established. | Hayes, LucyHis second term as Governor over, Lucy (1831-1889) and Rutherford B. Hayes (1822-1881) move to Spiegel Grove, an estate in N.W. Ohio.Hayes, LucyManning Force Hayes (1873-1874), seventh son of Lucy and Rutherford B. Hayes, is born on August 1.Mckinley, IdaIda McKinley (1873), daughter of William and Ida McKinley, is born April 1 and dies 4 months later in August. After the birth of her namesake, First Lady Ida McKinley is stricken with a litany of lifelong illnesses that included epileptic seizures and phlebitis. | EconomicsJay Cooke & Co.'s Wall Street banking house fails, and the American economy collapses into a sharp depression.EconomicsAmerican Money: The U.S. goes on the gold standard, eliminating all silver currency.EconomicsE. Remington & Sons, gunmakers, begin to manufacture typewriters.Daily LifeNewspapers: The New York "Daily Graphic" becomes the first illustrated daily newspaper.Daily LifeSan Francisco’s first cable streetcar goes into operation. Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Jesse James and his gang rob their first passenger train. | Sports Football: The first American Football rules are formulated at a meeting in New York attended by delegates from Columbia, Princeton, Rutgers and Yale.Sports The modern game of lawn tennis is invented in England.Sports Women in Sports: 10 young women compete in a mile-long swimming contest in the Harlem River. Miss Deliliah Goboess wins the prize, a silk dress worth $175. Popular CultureJules Verne publishes "Around the World in Eighty Days." | ReligionThe Reform Union of Hebrew Congregations is organized in Cincinnati. |
1874 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawChief Justices: President U.S. Grant (1822-1885) nominates Morrison R. Waite (1816-1888) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He is confirmed two days later and serves for fourteen years. GovernmentPresidents: Herbert Hoover (1875-1964), 31st President of the United States, is born in West Branch, Iowa.WarFederal troops stationed in New Orleans during Reconstruction quell a revolt led by the White League against Louisiana's black state government. | MedicineThe streptococci and staphylococci bacilli are discovered.MedicineThe field of osteopathy is founded in Kansas; Dr. Andrew Still becomes its first practitioner.InventionsAfrican American Inventors: Lewis H. Latimer (1848-1928) co-invents an improved water closet, or bathroom, for trains.TechnologyThe process of pressure cooking is introduced as a method of canning foods.TechnologyAirplanes: Felix Du Temple builds a man-carrying steam-powered monoplane. With a young French sailor at the controls, it makes a ski-jump take-off and a brief hop but cannot sustain flight. | EducationThe Chautauqua movement begins in an effort to bring greater educational opportunity to America's isolated farmers and small towns through traveling lectures and correspondence-school courses. Arts and LettersPainting: A group of French Impressionists, including Claude Monet, Paul Cezanne, Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet, Camille Pissaro, and August Renoir, hold their first show. Rejected by a formal gallery, the exhibit was held by the artists themselves. | Fillmore, AbigailMillard Fillmore (1800-1874), 13th president of the United States, dies on March 8 in Buffalo, NY. He is only the second vice president to succeed on the death of the incumbent president. Hayes, LucyManning Force Hayes, seventh son of Lucy and Rutherford B. Hayes, dies at the age of 13 months, probably of dysentery, in Fremont, Ohio on August 28.Cleveland, FrancesOscar Folsom Cleveland (1874-?), son of Grover Cleveland and a widow, Maria Croftis Halpin, is born. Unsubstantiated reports suggest that Oscar died in his late 20's of alcoholism.Tyler, LetitiaTazewell Tyler (1830-1874), the youngest of John and Letitia Tyler's children, dies January 8 as a result of alcoholism. Hoover, LouLou Henry (1874-1944), wife of Herbert Hoover, is born in Waterloo, Iowa, on March 29.Grant, JuliaWhite House Weddings: Nellie Grant (1856-1922), daughter of Julia (1826-1902) and Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885) marries Algernon Sartoris, a British diplomat, in the White House. | EconomicsThe first electric streetcar begins operation in New York City.EconomicsStockholders of the Union Pacific railroad form a phony development bank, the Credit Mobilier. Several members of President Ulysses S. Grant’s (1822-1885) administration, including his vice president, are implicated in the scandal, though no one is ultimately indicted. Daily LifeThe first American zoo is established in Philadelphia.Daily LifeRepublican Party is first symbolized by an elephant. – drawn by Thomas Nast (1840-1902), in "Harper’s Weekly." | Sports Women in Sports: Tennis is introduced to the U.S. by Mary Outerbridge, who saw it played in Bermuda.Popular CultureThe original Siamese Twins, Chang and Eng (1811-1874), die. Born in Thailand of Chinese parents and joined at the chest, they were sold and exhibited in Europe and America.Popular CultureNew York's Madison Square Garden opens under the name Barnum’s Hippodrome. | ReformWomen's Suffrage Movement: The Rhode Island legislature passes a women’s suffrage amendment to its constitution.ReformTemperance Movement: The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) is founded in Cleveland, Ohio.ReformLabor Movement: Police on horses break up a demonstration of the unemployed in New York's Tompkins Square Park, injuring hundreds who came to protest the intense poverty resulting from the depression of the 1870s. |
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1875 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawWomen's Suffrage Movement: In "Miner v. Hoppersatt," the Supreme Court rules that women are “persons” under the 14th Amendment, but are not entitled to vote.PoliticsEx-political boss and New York politician William Marcy “Boss” Tweed (1823-1878) escapes from jail, flees to Cuba. He is apprehended, returned to New York, and dies in prison three years later. GovernmentRebellion in Cuba leads to deterioration of U.S.-Spanish relations.GovernmentCivil Rights Movement: Congress passes the Civil Rights Act, guaranteeing blacks equal rights in public places and banning their exclusion from jury duty.GovernmentBritish prime minister Disraeli (1804-1881) maneuvers to bring the Suez Canal, which was completed in 1869, under British control. | MedicineThe London Medical School for Women is founded.MedicineThe bacillus that causes lumbar pneumonia—pneumococcus— is discovered.InventionsThomas Edison (1847-1931) invents a duplicating process that uses a wax stencil, an early version of the mimeograph machine. InventionsAn electric dental drill is patented.TechnologyThe world’s first radio is operated by American Elihu Thomson (1853-1937). | EducationWomen's Colleges: Wellesley College for women, founded by Henry and Pauline Durant, opens in Wellesley, Massachusetts, outside of Boston.Arts and LettersOpera: The first performance of French composer Georges Bizet's (1838-1875) opera "Carmen" takes place at the Opera Comique, Paris. Arts and LettersThe first Gilbert and Sullivan operetta, "Trial by Jury," is written. | Johnson, ElizaAndrew Johnson (1808-1875), 17th President of the U.S., dies July 31 in Carter's Station, Tennessee. Taylor, MargaretAnne Margaret Mackell Taylor Wood (1811-1875), daughter of Zachary and Margaret Taylor, dies December 2. Lincoln, MaryMary Todd Lincoln’s (1818-1882) son Robert (1843-1926) has her declared insane; she manages to get herself released from the mental hospital, and goes to live with her sister in Springfield, Illinois.Hayes, LucyRutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) runs for his third term as Governor of Ohio, and wins.Mckinley, IdaKatherine "Katie" McKinley (1871-1875), the first child of William and Ida McKinley, dies June 25 from typhoid fever. | EconomicsLuxury hotels are opened in Saratoga Springs, New York, and San Francisco, marking the development of a luxury-seeking elite in the United States. EconomicsThe first factory using the Bessemer steel-making process is built by Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919).Daily LifeNewspapers: The "Times" of London becomes the first newspaper to print a daily weather chart. | Sports Horse Racing: The first Kentucky Derby is held at Churchill Downs, Kentucky, won by Aristides. Sports Capt. Matthew Webb (1848-1883) becomes the first person to swim across the English Channel.Sports The first roller skating rink is opened in London.Sports Women in Sports: Baseball: The "Blondes" and "Brunettes" play their first match In Springfield, IL on Sept. 11. Newspapers heralded the event as the "first game of baseball ever played in public for gate money between feminine ball-tossers." | ReligionMary Baker Eddy’s (1821-1910) "Science and Health" is first published.Social IssuesNative Americans: Comanche chief Quanah Parker (1850-1911) ends his resistance to white settlement of Texas, enabling American expansion to proceed rapidly.Social IssuesJim Crow Laws: Segregation: Tennessee passes a "Jim Crow" law segregating blacks and whites on railroads (which are private, and so not covered by the Civil Rights Act). |
1876 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsRutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) is elected the 19th President of the U.S., and William A. Wheeler (1819-1887) is elected as the nation's 19th Vice President. The election is so close that it is not finally concluded until 1877.GovernmentNew State: Colorado becomes the 38th state of the United StatesWarIndian Wars: At the Battle of the Little Big Horn (Custer’s Last Stand), Sioux Indians led by Chief Crazy Horse routed the U.S. 7th Cavalry led by Col. Custer (1839-1876). WarIndian Wars: In one of the final periods of intense Native American resistance to American expansion, Apache leader Geronimo (1829-1909) begins a 10-year reign of war and terror against white settlers in the American Southwest. | ScienceThomas Edison (1847-1931) establishes Menlo Park as America’s first research laboratory.MedicineThe bacillus that causes anthrax is discovered by Robert Koch (1843-1910).InventionsAlexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) patents the first telephone. InventionsThe first carpet sweeper is patented by inventor Melville Bissell (1843-1889), of Grand Rapids, Michigan.InventionsThomas Edison (1847-1931) patents the mimeograph machine. | EducationHigher Education: Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore opens.EducationThe Kindergarten exhibit at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia enhances kindergarten’s popularity. EducationLibraries: The American Library Association is founded.Arts and LettersOpera: The first complete performance of Richard Wagner’s (1813-1883) operatic Ring cycle opens in Germany. | Johnson, ElizaEliza McCardle Johnson (1810-1876) dies of tuberculosis in December at her daughter's, Martha Patterson, house.Van Buren, HannahSmith Thommpson Van Buren (1817-1876), son of Martin and Hannah Van Buren dies. Lincoln, MaryA second jury finds Mary Todd Lincoln (1818-1882) sane. Later she travels again to Europe and spends most of her time in France. Hayes, LucyRutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) runs for President of the U.S. His election is in dispute until January of 1877 because of contested election results in several states. | EconomicsRailroad History: All Southern Pacific and Central Pacific passenger cars converted to air brakes.Daily LifeThe Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks is organized. | Sports Baseball: The Chicago Cubs hold their first National League game, beating Louisville 4-0. Sports Baseball: The U.S. National Baseball League is establishedSports The first tennis tournament in the U.S. is held.Sports Polo is introduced to the U.S. from England.Sports Women in Sports: Ten percent of the members of the newly created Appalachin Mountain Club are women. Popular CultureMark Twain (1835-1910) publishes his book “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”. | Social IssuesImmigration: California Senate committee investigates the “social, moral, and political effect of Chinese immigration.” ReformWomen's Rights Movement: A Declaration of the Rights of Women is distributed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Matilda Gage.ReformProhibition: An early Prohibition Amendment to the Constitution is proposed in the House of Representatives. |
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1877 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentWomen's Suffrage Movement: The House of Representatives defeats a bill to amend the Constitution to allow women to vote where they are taxed.GovernmentBritish imperialism is nearing its zenith as Britain annexes the South African Republic, and Queen Victoria (1819-1901) is proclaimed empress of India.GovernmentRutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) is inaugurated as the 19th President of the U.S., and William A. Wheeler (1819-1887) is inaugurated as the nation's 19th Vice President. WarIndian Wars: The Nez Perce tribes in the northwestern United States battle with American troops after years of passive noncompliance with treaties. The tribes ultimately surrender; their leader, Chief Joseph (1840-1904), gives a surrender speech considered one of the finest statements on Native American displacement. | ScienceU.S. astronomer Asaph Hall (1829-1907) discovers Deimos, ("panic" in Greek) a satellite of Mars, at the Naval Observatory in Washington.MedicineThe process for staining bacteria so as to see them under a microscope is invented by Robert Koch (1843-1910).InventionsCopper wire is invented.InventionsThomas Edison (1847-1931) invents the phonograph and makes the first sound recording. | EducationLibraries: Women's Firsts: Minerva Saunders is the first librarian to end age restrictions on borrowing books and to create a seperate childern's section.EducationThe YWCA in New York City establishes the first known typing course for women.EducationWomen's Firsts: Education of Women: Helen McGill(White) becomes the first woman in the U.S. to earn a Ph.D. degree; it is from Boston University, and her field is Greek drama.EducationPublic Education: Reconstruction ends in 1877 when federal troops, which had occupied the South since the end of the Civil War are withdrawn. Whites regain political control of the South and lay the foundations of legal segregation.EducationChildren’s Books: Anna Sewell (1820-1878) is known only for one book, the perennial favorite "Black Beauty, the Autobiography of a Horse."Arts and LettersDrama: American Theatre: Henrik Ibsen writes "Pillars of Society," an early example of the Realism in theatre that begins to compete with melodrama. With the advent of early realism, the role of the regisseur, or strong director, begins to develop.Arts and LettersDance: Tchaikovsky's (1840-1893) ballet "Swan Lake" is first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.Arts and LettersPainting: The third Impressionist exhibition is held in Paris. | Tyler, LetitiaRobert Tyler (1816-1877), the first son of John and Letitia Christian Tyler, dies December 3. Hayes, LucyLucy Hayes (1831-1889) and Rutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) celebrate their 25th anniversary in the White House.Hayes, LucyA newspaper first refers to the wife of the President as the "First Lady." Lucy Hayes (1831-1889) is also the first Presidential wife to take the Oath of Office in the White House.Hayes, LucyLucy Hayes (1831-1889) oversees the first Easter egg-rolling contest at the White House. | EconomicsAmerican Money: The Department of the Treasury's bureau of Engraving and Printing starts printing all U.S. currency, although other steps are done outside. EconomicsA drink called root beer is first made and distributed by Charles Elmer Hires (1851-1937).EconomicsRailroad History: Four feuding American railroads cease their price wars and join together to cut wages, prompting the great railroad strike of 1877. Federal troops end the strike, but only after killing some workers and injuring many.DiscoveryBritish explorer Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904) reaches the mouth of the Congo River.Daily LifeThe first public telephones are installed in the U.S.Daily LifeThe first Westminster Dog Show is held. | Sports Cricket: The first cricket match between Australia and England is played in Melbourne, the home side winning by 45 runs.Sports The first Wimbledon tennis championships are held.Sports Women in Sports: The first women's field hockey club is started in Surrey, England. | Social IssuesImmigration: United States Congress investigates the criminal influence of Chinese immigrants. Social IssuesImmigration: A mob in San Francisco sets fire to two dozen Chinese laundries in the city, sparking months of anti-Chinese violence.Social IssuesRacism: Reconstruction in the South ends, and with it any effort of the Federal government to enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments in the South for nearly 100 years. |
1878 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsThird Parties: The Greenback-Labor Party is formed by labor organizations and advocates cheap money.PoliticsFor the first time in twenty years, Democrats win control of both houses of Congress.WarIndian Wars: Lincoln County War erupts in southeast New Mexico. | MedicineEpidemics: The last great epidemic of yellow fever kills more than 13,000 in the lower Mississippi valley.InventionsThe microphone is invented by David Hughes (1831-1900).InventionsThe phonograph, invented by Thomas Edison (1847-1931), is patented.InventionsSir Joseph Wilson Swan (1828-1914) is the first person to invent a practical and longer-lasting electic lightbulb. TechnologyAirplanes: Bishop Milton Wright (1828-1917), then living in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, brings home a rubber band-powered Penaud-type helicopter for his sons. They build several successful copies. Orville tells his schoolteacher that he and his brother Wilbur plan to build a large enough machine to carry the both of them. But when they try to build a larger model, it doesn’t fly.TechnologyThe first private connection by telephone in Great Britain was made on the Isle of Wight when Queen Victoria (1819-1901) spoke to Thomas Biddulph. | EducationWomen's Colleges: Physicist Sarah Frances Whiting (1846-1927) opens the second undergraduate physics laboratory in the U.S. at Wellesley College.EducationPublic Education: Kindergarten is incorporated into the San Francisco public school system.Arts and LettersDance: "Swan Lake" is first performed at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow.Arts and LettersGilbert and Sullivan write "H.M.S. Pinafore."Arts and LettersLiterature: Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) writes "Return of the Native."Arts and LettersDrama: Actress Ellen Terry (1848-1928) becomes a part of the Irving Company at London's Lyceum Theatre.IdeasCharles Pierce (1839-1914) publishes "How to Make Our Ideas Clear," developing the philosophy of Pragmatism. | Harrison, AnnaJohn Scott Harrison (1804-1878), son of William Henry and Anna Harrison, dies May Hayes, LucyLucy Hayes (1831-1889) becomes widely known for her concern for and help to those in need in Washington, especially Civil War veterans and their families. | EconomicsAmerican Money: The Department of the Treasury is authorized to issue Silver Certificates in exchange for silver dollars. EconomicsWomen's Firsts: Emma Nutt becomes the first woman telephone operator when she goes to worl for Edwin Holmes and his Telephone Dispatch Company in Boston, Massachusetts.EconomicsThe name "Vaseline," a brand of petroleum jelly, is trademarked by Robert A. Chesebrough (1856-?).EconomicsThe first commercial telephone switchboard goes into operation in New Haven, Connecticut.EconomicsThe first bicycles are manufactured in the U.S.DiscoveryThe largest yellow diamond ever discovered is found in the Kimberly Mine of South Africa. It is purchased by New York's Tiffany & Co. and becomes known as the Tiffany Diamond.Daily LifeThe first telephone book is issued in New Haven, CT.Daily Life Newspapers: The first full-page newspaper advertisements appear. | Sports Women in Sports: Woman pedestrian Ada Anderson walks 3,000 quarter-miles in 3,000 quarter hours over the course of a month in New York' Mozart Hall, kicking off a series of "lady walker" matches. Sports The National Archery Association is organized.Popular CultureA London tunesmith introduces the word jingoism into the British parlance in the lyric: "We don't want to fight, but by jingo if we do/We've got the men, we've got the ships, we've got the money too." The word would characterize an era of British imperialism.Popular CultureShowboats, which had shut down during the Civil War, are revived as entertainment centers on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. | ReligionPittsburgh minister Charles Taze Russell (1852-1916), who will go on to found the Watchtower Society associated with the Jehovah''s Witnesses, preaches that the second coming happened invisibly in 1874 and that the world will end in 1914.ReligionAnna Howard Shaw (1847-1919) graduates as the only woman in her class in Boston University's divinity school; when she applies for ordination, her application is denied and her license to preach repealedSocial IssuesAbortion: Anthony Comstock, head of the New York Society for the Suppression fo Vice, entraps New York abortion provider and brothel owner Madame Restell into giving him abortifacients and contraceptives by telling her his wife is pregnant and they cannot afford another child. He then exposes her, slapping her with a lawsuit. Fearing conviction, she commits suicide.Social IssuesRacism: The relocation of former slaves to Kansas, called the "Exoduster Movement," begins. Within the year, 30,000 blacks migrate to Kansas.ReformLabor Movement: Labor struggle intensifies in the United States when the Atchison, Topkea, and Santa Fe railraod cuts engineers' pay 10 percent. Striking workers shut the railroad down for five days. The militia is called in, and after a militiaman kills a bystander, labor leaders are arrested. |
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1879 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawWomen’s Firsts: Belva Ann Lockwood (1830-1917) becomes the first woman admitted to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court.PoliticsIrish nationalist Michael Davitt (1846-1906) founds the Irish Land League to resist absentee landlords and fight for a more equitable distribution of land in Ireland and independence from Britain.PoliticsPrime Minister Otto von Bismarck (1862-1890) engineers an Austro-German alliance in which either side will offer the other aid in the event of an attack from Russia. It's one of a series of alliances that prefigure the battle lines of World War I.GovernmentImmigration: A bill to restrict Chinese immigration is vetoed by President Hayes (1822-1893). GovernmentPresident Hayes (1822-1893) tries to reform the Civil Service, and to settle the question of Indian lands; large numbers of native Americans visit with him in Washington to argue their need for justice.GovernmentNational Capital: Electric lighting is installed in the Capitol building.WarThe Zulu War: The Zulu War begins between the British of the Cape Colony and the natives of Zululand. | ScienceRussian pathologist demonstrates by using dogs that the stomach will produce gastric juices even if there is no food, suggeting that reflexes are learned and conditioned, not natural, and that people can be taught to respond to anything.ScienceThe discovery of saccharin is reported.MedicineWomen's Firsts: Mary Mahoney(1845-1926) becomes the first black professional nurse in the U.S.InventionsThomas Edison (1847-1931) invents a workable electric light at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey.TechnologyAn internal combustion engine is used to power a "horseless carriage" by George Selden (1846-1922).TechnologyThomas Edison (1847-1931) gives the first public demonstration of an eletric incandescent lamp in Menlo Park, New Jeresy. | EducationWomen's Colleges: The first class at what was to become Radcliffe College, then called "The Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women," begins.EducationAmerican educator Anna Hallowell(1831-1905) establishes free kindergartens in poor neighborhoods in Philadelphia.EducationNative Americans: Indian Education: The Carlisle Indian School is founded in Pennsylvania, in an aggressive U.S. government campaign to "civilize" Indian children.Arts and LettersLiterature: Among Henry James' (1843-1916) masterpieces is "Daisy Miller," in which the young and innocent American, Daisy, finds her values in conflict with European sophistication.Arts and LettersLiterature: Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881) writes "The Brothers Karamzov."Arts and LettersOpera: "Evgeny Onegin," or "Eugene Onegin," best known opera by Russian composer Tchaikovsky (1840-1893), receives its first performance at the Maily Theater in Moscow.Arts and LettersDrama: Henrik Ibsen's (1828-1906) modern classic about the erosion of traditional domestic roles, "A Doll's House," is performed for the first time in Copenhagen.Arts and Letters"The Pirates of Penzance"(or "The Slave of Duty"), an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan, has its first performance in New York City.IdeasAmerican economist Henry George (1839-1897) writes "Progress and Poverty," in which he observes increasing economic inequality in the United States. | Taylor, MargaretRichard Taylor (1826-1879), son of Zachary and Margaret Taylor, dies April 12.Johnson, ElizaAndrew Johnson Jr. (1852-1879), son of Andrew and Eliza Johnson, dies March 12. Coolidge, GraceGrace Anna Goodhue Coolidge (1879-1957), wife of Calvin Coolidge, is born in Burlignton, Vermont on January 3. | EconomicsThe first five-and-dime store is founded by Frank Woolworth (1852-1919) in Utica, New York; it later moves to Lancaster, Pennsylvania in the same year.Daily LifeNewspapers: Henry Grady (1850-1889) takes over the "Atlanta Constitution," in the pages of which he begins to exhort the South to attract northern capital and transform itself into a modern industrial region--to little avail.Daily LifeElectric arc lamps are installed on the streets of Cleveland, Ohio, by Charles Brush (1849-1929). | Sports The first major skiing contest occurs in Norway.Popular CultureAnnie Oakley (1860-1926) defeats Frank Butler in a shooting match; they later marry and tour the country in Wild West shows. | ReligionSt. Patrick's Cathedral opens in New York after twenty-six years of work.ReligionWomen’s Firsts: Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) establishes the Church of Christ, Scientist, becoming the first woman to found a major religion, Christian Science. Social IssuesImmigration: California adopts a new constitution which, in part, prohibits the employment of Chinese workers.Social IssuesRacism: With federal Reconstruction over and national troops out of the South, political repression of southern blacks starts to intensify.ReformTemperance Movement: Frances Willard (1839-1898) becomes president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, campaigning also for women's rights with the motto, "Do Everything." |
1880 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawCivil Rights Movement: The Supreme Court rules that the exclusion of Blacks from jury duty is unconstitutional.PoliticsJames A. Garfield (1831-1881) beats President Ulysses Grant (1822-1885) in a hotly contested election and becomes the 20th President of the U.S.; Chester A. Arthur (1829-1886) is elected as the 20th Vice President. | MedicineRubber gloves are introduced in hospital operating rooms after nurse Caroline Hampton developed a skin allergy to the antiseptic solutions used; when postoperative infections dropped dramatically, such gloves became part of the surgical team’s standard uniform.MedicineThe parasite that causes malaria is discovered.InventionsThe British Perforated Paper Company invents a form of toilet paper. InventionsEnglishman, John Milne (1850-1913) invents the modern seismograph. InventionsThomas Edison (1847-1931) is granted a patent for his incandescent light. TechnologyAirplanes: Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896), Germany, begins to test cambered wing surfaces and measures their lifting capability.TechnologyThe first large furnace for making steel is developed by Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919).TechnologyThe first wireless telephone message is sent by Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) through a “photophone,” a devise that transmits sound on a beam of light. | EducationLibraries: The initial funding of buildings for public libraries is begun by Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919).EducationPublic Education: Kindergarten is incorporated into the Chicago public school system. Arts and LettersLiterature: Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881) publishes "The Brothers Karamazov," a year before he dies. Arts and LettersLiterature: Lew Wallace (1827-1905) writes "Ben Hur."Arts and LettersSculpture: Rodin’s (1840-1917) sculpture, “The Thinker,” is exhibited in model form.Arts and LettersGilbert and Sullivan produce "The Pirates of Penzance" in London. It runs for over 300 performances. | Garfield, LucretiaLucretia Rudolph Garfield (1832-1918) is the first President's wife to be kissed by her husband at his inauguration. Arthur, EllenEllen Lewis Herndon Arthur (1837-1880), wife of Chester A. Arthur (1830-1886), dies of pneumonia on January 10, ten months before her husband is elected as Vice President of the United States.Hayes, LucyLucy Hayes (1831-1889) accepts the national presidency of the Woman’s Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Church, a group that helps poor women and children.Hayes, LucyLucy Hayes (1831-1889) and Rutherford (1822-1893) spend 72 days touring the west, the first such trip by a sitting President.Lincoln, MaryMary Todd Lincoln (1818-1882) returns to the United States in 1880 and again goes to the Edwards' home in Springfield to live. She is slowly going blind. Harrison, CarolineBenjamin Harrison (1831-1901) is elected to the U.S. Senate from Indiana. He and Caroline Harrison (1832-1892) move to Washington, DC.Harding, FlorenceEugene Marshall "Pete" DeWolfe (1880-1915), son of Warren and Florence Harding, is born September 22. | EconomicsNewspapers: Newspaper growth continues unabated in the postwar years. An astounding 11,314 different papers are recorded in the census.EconomicsThe De Beers Mining Corp. is founded by Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) and Albert Beit (1853-1906) , both 27 years old. Rhodes will eventually acquire a near-total monopoly on the South African diamond industry. EconomicsThe population of Los Angeles, California, doubles between 1870 and 1880, a sign of the urbanization of the American west. EconomicsCensus: The U.S. population is 50.1 million people, including about 2.8 million immigrants.Daily LifeThe first canned fruits and vegetables appear in stores.Daily LifeThe first telephone box for public use goes into service. Daily LifeElectricity first lights the street lights in New York City.Daily LifeNewspapers: The first photographs are seen in newspapers that are printed using halftones. | Popular CultureJ.C. Harris publishes his “Uncle Remus” stories.Popular CultureThe game of bingo is developed from an Italian lotto game. | ReligionWomen Firsts: Anna Howard Shaw (1847-1919) is the first woman ordained by the Methodist Church.ReligionFrances Cabrini (later Mother Cabrini) (1850-1917) founds the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart in Italy.Social IssuesPoverty: The American Salvation Army is established in Philadelphia.Social IssuesImmigration: Italy’s troubled economy, crop failures, and political climate begin the start of mass immigration with nearly four million Italian immigrants arriving in the United States. ReformLabor Movement: The word boycott comes into use when Irish tenant farmers refuse to harvest crops on an estate managed by British army captain Charles Cunningham Boycott (1832-1897). |
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1881 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe United States Supreme Court rules that the Civil War income tax law of 1861 is constitutional. PoliticsIrish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell (1846-1891) is imprisoned for agitating for home rule. From prison, he continues to direct tenant farmers to withhold rent as a means of gaining self-government. GovernmentThe assassination of Czar Alexander II in 1881 prompts civil unrest and economic instability throughout Russia. GovernmentJames A. Garfield (1831-1881) is inaugurated as the 20th President of the U.S.; Chester A. Arthur (1829-1886) is inaugurated as the 20th Vice President. GovernmentVice President Chester A. Arthur (1830-1886) becomes the 21st President of the United States upon the assassination of James A. Garfield (1831-1881). No new Vice President is selected. | MedicineVaccines: Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) develops an anthrax vaccine, and vaccinates a herd of sheep against the disease.
Medicine"Angel of the battlefield" Clara Barton (1821-1912) founds the American Association of the Red Cross. MedicineThe idea that mosquitoes are the carriers of yellow fever is proposed.InventionsAlexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) invents the first crude metal detector. TechnologyBattery Technology: Leclanche's (1839-1882) battery is quite heavy and prone to breakage; the idea of encapsulating both the negative electrode and porous pot into a zinc cup is patented by J.A. Thiebaut in 1881.TechnologyAirplanes: Louis Moulliard, France, writes another milestone in aeronautics, Empire of the Air, in which he proposes fixed-wing gliders with cambered wings, like birds. TechnologyThe first color photographs are produced by Frederick E. Ives. | EducationHigher Education: Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) organizes the Normal and Industrail Institute for Negroes, which later becomes Tuskeegee Institute.EducationWomen’s Colleges: Spelman College is founded in Georgia as the first black women's college. EducationChildren’s Books: The very first appearance, under a pen-name, of Robert Louis Stevenson’ s(1850-1894) first and best-known children's adventure story, "Treasure Island," os published in the penny weekly, "Young Folks, A Boys' and Girls' Paper of Instructive and Entertaining Literature." EducationRachel Bodley, dean of the Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania conducts a statistical survey about the careers of her school’s graduates, published as the pamphlet The College Story, one of the earliest studies of women in the professions.Arts and LettersLiterature: Henry James (1843-1916) writes "The Portrait of a Lady," in which, again, a young American woman becomes a victim of her provincialism during her travels in Europe.Arts and LettersD’Oyly Carte (1844-1901) builds the electrified Savoy Theatre in London.Arts and LettersThe Boston Symphony Orchestra is founded. | Hayes, LucyLucy Hayes (1831-1889) and Rutherford (1822-1893) leave the White House at the end of his term and move to their home at Spiegel Grove in Ohio.Harrison, CarolineBenjamin Harrison (1831-1901) begins his term in the U.S. Senate. Caroline Harrison suffers a bad fall “and her health was delicate after that.” Garfield, LucretiaJames Abram Garfield (1831-1881), 20th President of the U.S., is assassinated on July 2 and dies from the assault on September 19 in Elberon, New Jersey. | Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Brothers Wyatt (1848-1929) and Virgil Earp (1843-1905) lead the shootout of Western movie fame against Ike Clanton''s gang at the O.K. Corral in Arizona territory. Daily LifeThe first electric tram goes into public service in Germany, near Berlin. | Sports The first U.S. Lawn Tennis Championship is held.Popular CultureThe first vaudeville theatre to feature family entertainment is opened in New York City.Popular CultureTwenty-one-year old William Bonney, a.k.a. Billy the Kid (1859-61 exact year unknown-1881), escapes imprisonment but is hunted down and shot. Though he had killed 21 people, he becomes a legend, and pop retellings of his life story are hawked only weeks after his death. Popular CultureMark Twain (1835-1910) publishes "The Prince and the Pauper." | ReligionThe Vatican archives are opened to scholars.Social IssuesNative Americans: "A Century of Injustice" is published by Helen Hunt Jackson, about mistreatment of Indians.Social IssuesSegregation: Tennessee legislature passes a law mandating that black passengers be segregated on railroads. "Jim Crow" legislation is soon imitated throughout the South. ReformLabor Movement: The American Federation of Labor is formed. ReformWomen's Suffrage Movement: Susan B. Anthony finances and publishes The History of Women’s Suffrage, which eventually totals six volumes |
1882 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawWomen's Rights Movement: Two U.S. judges decide that women may sue their husbands for assault and battery.GovernmentImmigration: The Chinese Exclusion Act, which bars Chinese laborers from coming to the United States, goes into effect.GovernmentThe 3-mile limit for territorial waters is agreed upon at the Hague Convention.GovernmentPresidents: Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945), the 32nd President of the United States, is born in Hyde Park, New York. | MedicineRobert Koch (1843-1910) discovers the tuberculosis bacillus and establishes that the disease is communicable. MedicineHypnosis is used to treat hysteria, signaling the beginning of psychoanalysis.MedicineSurgical sutures made from catgut thread are replaced with silk ones.MedicineVaccines: Louis Pasteur (1822- 1895) develops a rabies vaccine.InventionsThe electric fan and the electric flat iron are invented. InventionsAfrican American Inventors: Lewis H. Latimer (1848-1928) patents the carbon filament for electric light bulbs.TechnologyThomas Edison (1847-1931) designs the first hydroelectric plant in Appleton, WI.TechnologyThe first motion picture is made, using a “rifle-camera” that shoots 12 images in one second. | EducationChildren''s Books: Children''s classic "Pinocchio" is written by Italian author Carlo Collodi (1826-1890). EducationEducation of Women: The American Association of University Women is founded by Alice Elvira Freeman Palmer (1855-1902).Arts and LettersOpera: Wagner's (1813-1883) opera "Parsifal" is first performed, at Bayreuth, western Germany. Arts and LettersTchaikovsky (1840-1893) writes the "1812 Overture."Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: David Belasco (1853-1931) apprenticed in San Francisco, moves to Madison Square Theatre in New York as stage manager and becomes an independent producer in 1895. | Cleveland, FrancesGrover Cleveland (1837-1906) is elected Mayor of Buffalo and then Governor of New York, as a Democrat. He wins reputation for uncovering political corruption.Lincoln, MaryMary Todd Lincoln (1818-1882) dies of “paralysis” at her sister Elizabeth’s house on July 15 in Springfield, Illinois. | EconomicsAmerican rail magnate William Vanderbilt (1856-1938) eliminates mail trains from Chicago, because they are not profitable. EconomicsJohn D. Rockefeller's (1839-1937) Standard Oil Trust brings 95 percent of the American petroleum industry under the control of a nine-man board. EconomicsCommercially supplied electrical power is inaugurated in New York City. Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: After more than 15 years of robbing banks, outlaw Jesse James (1847- 1882) is shot in the back at St Joseph, Missouri, by Robert Ford, one of his own gang. Daily LifeEllen Swallow Richards (1842-1911) writes "The Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning."Daily LifeHolidays: The first Labor Day celebration is held in New York City. | Sports Baseball: The American Baseball Association is founded.Sports Boxing: John L. Sullivan (1858-1918) wins the heavyweight boxing championship. Sports The National Croquet Association is founded.Sports Women in Sports: At the YWCA in Boston, the first athletic games for women are held. Popular CultureRobert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894) writes "Treasure Island."Popular CultureJumbo the elephant appears in P.T. Barnum's (1810-1891) Barnum and Bailey Circus; he is advertised as the "largest elephant in or out of captivity." Popular CultureClan warfare between the Hatfields and McCoys breaks out in southern Appalachia. The bloodbath, which has its roots in lingering Civil War tensions, lasts for six years until Kentucky authorities seize some of the members of the Hatfield family. | ReligionThe Knights of Columbus, a fraternal organization of Catholic men, is founded in Connecticut.Social IssuesImmigration: Russia’s May Laws severely restrict the ability of Jewish citizens to live and work in Russia. The country’s instability prompts more than three million Russians to immigrate to the United States over three decades.Social IssuesImmigration: The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 suspends immigration of Chinese laborers under penalty of imprisonment and deportation.ReformWomen''s Rights Movement: Two U.S. judges decide that women may sue their husbands for assault and battery. |
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1883 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawCivil Rights Movement: The Supreme Court declares the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional (except for jury duty), ruling that the government can protect political, not social, rights.GovernmentThe United States adopts standard time. GovernmentThe U.S. Civil Service Commission is established by the Pendleton Act.WarCongress orders the building of ships that begin the modern U.S. Navy. | ScienceThe fact that an electrical current can be sent through space—the basis of electronics—is discovered by Thomas Edison (1847-1931).MedicineThe bacillus that causes diphtheria is discovered.InventionsEnglish engineer Hiram Maxim (1840-1916) invents the fully automatic machine gun. InventionsYoung German-American entrepreneur Julius Schmidt invents a modern version of the condom. InventionsAfrican American Inventors: Jan Ernst Matzeliger (1852-1889) patents a machine that can make up to 700 shoes a day.TechnologyThe Brooklyn Bridge, the world's first suspension bridge, opens to pedestrian traffic, linking Manhattan to Brooklyn. TechnologyThe first “skyscraper” is built in Chicago: it has 10 floors.TechnologyAirplanes: John J. Montgomery (1858-1911) of California builds a monoplane glider and makes the first gliding flight in America. TechnologyAirplanes: Charles Parsons, England, inventor of the turbine motor, tests a small 1/4 horsepower steam turbine engine in a model airplane, propelling it for approximately 300 feet. Although Parsons experiments had little effect on the development of aviation, some consider this to be the first jet aircraft. | Arts and LettersPoetry: Poet Emma Lazarus (1849-1887) publishes the sonnet “The New Colossus,” which will be inscribed on the Statue of Liberty.IdeasPhilosopher Friedrich Nietzsche's (1844-1900) "Thus Spake Zarathustra" appears in print. | Hayes, LucyThe Hayes family is happy in retirement at Spiegel Grove. Lucy Hayes (1831-1889) spends a lot of time in the garden, and supervising the farm. She also continues to correspond with national figures and to give parties.Johnson, ElizaMary Johnson Stover Brown (1832-1883), daughter of Andrew and Eliza Johnson, dies April 19. Tyler, JuliaJohn Alexander "Alex" Tyler (1848-1883), son of John Tyler and his second wife Julia, dies September 1. | EconomicsRailroad History: The Northern Pacific and Southern Pacific are completed.EconomicsRailroad History: The Northern Pacific Railroad across the United States is completed. EconomicsA deep drought begins on the western plains of the United States. The suffering of farmers produces radical political activity, such as the Farmer''s Alliance, one of the first demonstrations of Populism as a movement in the 19th century.Daily LifeMagazines: "The Ladies’ Home Journal" is founded.Daily LifeMagazines: "Life Magazine" is established. | Sports Matthew Webb (1848-1883), first man to swim the English Channel (in 1875) drowns while attempting to swim the rapids above Niagara Falls. Sports The first annual New York Horse Show is held in New York City.Sports Women in Sports: Mrs. M. C. Howell wins her first archery title. She will win the national championship for women 17 times between 1883 and 1907. Popular CultureMark Twain (1835-1910) publishes "Life on the Mississippi."Popular CultureHoward Pyle (1853-1911) writes (and illustrates) "The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood."Popular CultureThe first vaudeville theater, the Gaiety Museum, opens in Boston. Popular CultureWilliam F. Cody (1846-1917) organizes his first “Wild West Show.” | |
1884 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsDemocrat Grover Cleveland (1837-1906) defeats the Republican "plumed knight" James Blaine (1830-1893), becoming the first Democratic president of the United Staes since before the Civil War, and the 22nd President of the U.S. Thomas A. Hendricks (1819-1885) becomes the nation's 21st Vice President.PoliticsThird Parties: Belva Ann Lockwood (1830-1917) runs for president as the candidate for the Equal Rights Party; she loses.PoliticsThird Parties: The Anti-Monopoly Party and the Greenback-Labor Party join to form People's Party, supporting many liberal measures including a graduated income tax.GovernmentThe Bureau of Labor and the Department of the Interior are created by Congress.GovernmentNational Capitol: The capstone is placed on the Washington Monument.GovernmentPresidents: Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) , 33rd president of the United States (1945- 53), is born in Lamar, Missouri. | MedicineThe bacillus that causes tetanus is discovered.InventionsThe first coin-operated weighing machine is patented by Percy Everitt. InventionsOttmar Mergenthaler (1854-1899) invents the Linotype machine, the first mechanized printing typesetter, which will speed up the presses for newspapers. InventionsThe first practical turbine engine is invented.InventionsThe first accurate adding machine is invented.TechnologyThe first practical fountain pen is manufactured by Lewis E. Waterman (1837-1901).TechnologyAirplanes: Alexander F. Mozhaiski, Russia, builds a steam-powered monoplane and tests it at Krasnoye Selo, near St. Petersburg. It takes off on a jump ramp and flies for approximately 100 feet before crashing. This is the second power-assisted take-off in history. TechnologyAirplanes: Horatio F. Phillips, England, experiments with cambered wings in a wind tunnel and lays down the scientific foundation for modern airfoil design. He is the first to discover that when the wind blows across a curved surface, it creates a low pressure area on top of the surface and high pressure beneath it. This, in turn, generates lift. | EducationNative Americans: Indian Education: Educational policy regarding Native Americans is articulated at the Lake Mohonk Conference. Education The first volume of the Oxford English Dictionary is published. EducationThe National Education Association forms a kindergarten department. EducationWomen's Colleges: The first state-supported college for women, Mississippi State College for women is chartered. | Roosevelt, EleanorAnna Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) is born in New York City on October 11. She is the seventh of ten First Ladies born in New York, the "mother state" of presidential wives.Roosevelt, EdithAlice Lee Roosevelt Longworth (1884-1980), only child of first marriage of Theodore Roosevelt and Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, is born February 12. | Daily LifeThe Statue of Liberty is presented to America by the people of France. Daily LifeThe first roller coaster opens at Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York City. | Sports Baseball: Baseball gets new rules and goes on to become an extremely popular sport in America. Its growth is also linked to the development of cities and urban culture.Sports Baseball: The first U.S. baseball championship is won by Providence (RI) of the National League, beating the New York Metropolitans, 3-0.Sports Women in Sports: Women's singles tennis competition is added to Wimbledon. Maud Watson wins in both 1884 and '85. Popular CultureAmerican author Mark Twain (1835-1910) publishes "Huckleberry Finn." | ReligionCharles Taze Russell (1852-1916) founds the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society (which led to the Jehovah''''s Witnesses in the United States).Social IssuesNative Americans: The novel "Ramona" is written by Helen Hunt Jackson (1830-1885) dramatizing the oppression of Indians in the American west. |
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1885 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentImmigration: The Contract Labor Act prohibits the importing of laborors who then work for the cost of transit; skilled, domestic, and professional workers are exempted.GovernmentNational Capitol: The Washington Monument is dedicated. GovernmentGrover Cleveland (1837-1906) is inaugurated as the 22nd President of the United Staes and Thomas A. Hendricks (1819-1885) in inaugurated as the nation's 21st Vice President.GovernmentPresident Cleveland (1837-1906) proposes the suspension of the minting of silver dollars, fearing that silver is undermining the nation’s gold reserves.WarIndian Wars: Apache Indians leave their reservation in Arizona and continue their war against Whites under Geronimo. | ScienceIn memory of ornithologist James Audubon (1785-1851), the National Audubon Society is founded in the United States to study bird species. ScienceSir Francis Galton (1822-1911) establishes the uniqueness of fingerprints.MedicineThe first appendectomy in the United States is performed in Davenport Iowa, by Dr. William Grant. MedicineVaccines: Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) administers the first anti-rabies vaccine to a nine-year-old schoolboy. InventionsThe first motorcycle is patented, built by Gottlief Daimler in Germany.InventionsKarl Benz (1824-1929) builds the world's first gasoline-powered vehicle. It has a traveling speed of nine miles per hour. InventionsThe first modern bicycle is built. Bikes are a craze in America and Europe until the end of the century. InventionsThe dictaphone, the electric transformer, the electric drill, and the thermos bottle are invented.InventionsAfrican American Inventors: Women’s Firsts: Sarah E. Goode becomes the first African-American woman to receive a patent, for a bed that folds up into a cabinet. | EducationChildren’s Books: Frances Hodgson Burnett (1849-1924), writes "Little Lord Fauntleroy." EducationChildren's Books: Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894) publishes "A Child’s Garden of Verses."EducationThe Bryn Mawr School for Girls in Baltimore, later joined by Bryn Mawr College for Women near Philadelphia, is founded.Arts and Letters"The Mikado," the comic operetta by William S. Gilbert (1836-1911) and Sir Arthur Sullivan (1842-1900), premieres at the Savoy Theatre, London. Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: Theatrical lighting with electricity is made available to theatrical productions. | Truman, BessElizabeth Virginia Wallace Truman (1885-1982), wife of Harry S. Truman, is born in Independence, Missouri, on February 13.Grant, JuliaUlysses S. Grant (1822-1885), 18th President of the United States, dies July 23 in Mount McGregor, New York. | EconomicsThe first commercially operated electrical streetcar begins operation in Baltimore. EconomicsRailroad History: The Santa Fe Railroad is completed.Daily LifeHistory of Toys: Crayola Crayons: Edwin Binney (1866-1934) and cousin, C. Harold Smith, begin the partnership of Binney & Smith in Peekskill, N.Y. Early products include red oxide pigments for painting red barns and carbon black for car tires.Daily LifeSpecial delivery mail service begins in the United States. Daily LifeNewspapers: Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman (1867-1922), writing as Nelly Bly, becomes a reporter for the Pittsburgh Dispatch, reporting on poor working conditions in factories, problems of working girls, slums, divorce, and political corruption. | Sports Golf: Golf is introduced to the U.S. from Scotland by John M. Fox of Philadelphia.Sports A weight-lifting strongman is reported to have lifted 3,239 pounds with a harness.Popular CultureH. Rider Haggard (1856-1925) writes the adventure novel, "King Solomon’s Mines."Popular Culture"A Thousand and One Nights" is translated by Richard Burton (1821-1890); it includes the stories of “Sindbad the Sailor,” “Aladdin and the Magic Lamp,” and Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves.” | ReligionThe U.S. Salvation Army is officially organized. ReligionThe Mormons divide into polygamous and monogamous factions. |
1886 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Supreme Court rules that “persons” under the Fourteenth Amendment refers not only to individuals but also to corporations.GovernmentThe U.S. Forestry Service is established as part of the Dept. of Agriculture.GovernmentA new Presidential Succession Act is passed providing the presidential succession to go to the Vice President, and then to Cabinet officers in the order that their departments were created.WarIndian Wars: The last large-scale Indian war in the United States ends when American troops capture Apache chief Geronimo (1829-1909) after four years of warfare on the Mexican border. | ScienceFluorine is first produced by French chemist Henri Moissan (1852-1907).InventionsGerman motor pioneer Karl Benz (1844-1929) is granted a patent for the first successful gasoline-powered car.InventionsJosephine Cochrane (1839-1913) invents the dishwasher. InventionsGottlieb Daimler (1834-1900) builds the world's first four-wheeled motor vehicle. InventionsJohn Pemberton (1814-1881) invents Coca Cola. TechnologyHydroelectric plants are begun at Niagara Falls.TechnologyWax disks are developed to use with the phonograph.TechnologySewing machines are made with electric motors. | EducationChildren’s Books: Randolph Caldecott (1846-1886), provides the illustrations for Hallam Tennyson's (1852-1928) curious hexameter version of "Jack and the Bean-stalk." EducationLibraries: The main library and the first four branches of the Enoch Pratt Free Library open in Baltimore, providing service to users of all races.Arts and LettersLiterature: Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894) writes "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde."IdeasKarl Marx’ (1818-1883) "Das Capital" is published in English. | Washington, MarthaMartha Washington (1731-1802) becomes the first woman to be portrayed on U.S. paper money.Wilson, EllenMargaret Woodrow Wilson (1886-1944), daughter of Woodrow and Ellen Wilson, is born April 30. Adams, LouisaCharles Frances Adams (1807-1886), son of President John Quincy Adams and Louisa Adams, dies of a stroke on November 21 at the age of 79. Arthur, EllenChester A. Arthur (1830-1886), 21st President of the U.S., dies November 18 in New York, New York. Cleveland, FrancesWhite House Wedding: Frances Folsom (1864-1947) marries U.S. President Grover Cleveland (1837-1906) in the White House. | EconomicsJohannesburg is founded in South Africa. The gold-mining town will eventually mine the vast majority of the world's gold. EconomicsCatering to farmers far from large stores, Richard Sears (1863-1914) establishes a successful mail-order house in Minneapolis, first selling watches. He hires A.C. Roebuck (1864-1948) as a watch repairmen the next year in Chicago. EconomicsThe first Coca-Cola is sold in Atlanta, advertised as a hangover remedy containing coca leaves and African kola nut extract. EconomicsAluminum is first produced independently in the U.S. and in France.Daily LifeThe first Tournament of Roses is held in Pasadena, California.Daily LifeThe Statue of Liberty is dedicated in New York Harbor. Daily LifeThe History of Toys: The first BB gun is created. Made for children, it scares many parents because it is actually a working gun that can cause injury. The BB gun is a descendant of the cap gun, which was invented soon after the Civil War, when some shotgun manufacturers converted their factories to make toys. Penny pistols and other authentic looking toy guns also began to appear in the 1880s. | | ReformWomen's Suffrage Movement: A bill granting women suffrage is passed by the Vermont legislatureReformSettlement House Movement: The first settlement house is established in New York City.ReformLabor Movement: Chicago police officers shoot four strikers at a May 1st rally for the eight-hour day. The Knights of Labor holds a rally in Haymarket Square to protest the shootings; a bomb goes off, killing a policeman, and the police open fire on the crowd, killing many workers. ReformLabor Movement: Samuel Gompers (1850-1924), a cigar maker, founds the American Federation of Labor. |
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1887 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsWomen's Firsts: Susanna Medora Salter (1820-1906) is elected the first U.S. woman mayor, in Argonia, Kansas.GovernmentCongress creates Yellowstone National Park to be a refuge for buffalo and big game.GovernmentQueen Victoria (1819-1901) celebrates her Golden Jubilee, marking 50 years on the British throne.GovernmentCongress passes the Interstate Commerce Act, enabling the federal government to regulate railroad rates for the first time.GovernmentNative Americans: The Dawes Act, which provides for the allotment of reservation land for individual Native American families, is passed by Congress.WarCongress renews the U.S.-Hawaii Treaty, giving the U.S. exclusive rights to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor. | MedicineLouis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Jules-Francois Jourbert (1834-1910) of France first demonstrate the antibiotic effect.InventionsCelluloid film is invented.InventionsThomas Edison (1847-1931) invents the record player.TechnologyParis and Brussels become the first two capital cities to be linked by telephone. | EducationSpecial Education: Twenty-year-old teacher Anne Sullivan (1866-1936) begins to teach blind-and-deaf child Helen Keller (1880-1968) at the request of Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922). Helen soon learns to communicate.EducationHigher Education: Women's Colleges: The Smith College Observatory is founded.EducationThe Hatch Act appropriates federal money to study agriculture in any state with a Land Grant College.EducationHigher Education: Libraries: Melville Dewey (1851-1931) establishes a State Library School in Albany, NY.Arts and LettersOpera: Verdi's (1813-1901) opera "Othello" is first performed in Milan, Italy.IdeasPolish philologist Lazurus Ludwig Zemenhof (1859-1917) invents Esperanto, hoping that an international language will forestall war and bring about better communication between the peoples of the world. | Wilson, EllenJessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre (1887-1933), daughter of Woodrow and Ellen Wilson, is born August 28. Roosevelt, EdithTheodore "Ted" Roosevelt (Jr.) (1887-1944), son of Theodore and Edith Roosevelt, is born September 13. | EconomicsThe Pennsylvania Railroad runs an electrically lighted train between New York and Chicago.EconomicsThe first successful electric trolley line is built in Richmond, VA.Daily LifeMail is delivered free in all cities with a population of at least 10,000.Daily LifeDisasters: Terrible blizzards devastate America''s nothern plains. Families are found frozen to death in tar-paper shacks.Daily LifeThe History of Toys: The speaking doll, which had first been invented by Johann Maelzel in 1820, is improved when Thomas Edison combines his phonograph technology with a doll, allowing it to speak. | Sports Women in Sports: Ellen Hansell is crowned the first Women's Singles tennis champion at the US Open. Sports Softball: Softball is invented by George Hancock, a reporter for the Chicago Board of Trade.Sports The first national women's tennis tournament is held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club.Popular CultureSir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930) publishes his first Sherlock Holmes mystery, "A Study in Scarlet." | Social IssuesNative Americans: The Dawes Act divides tribal land into individual allotted tracts, destroying tribal relations in an attempt to promote assimilation into white culture.ReformWomen's Suffrage Movement: Utah repeals women's suffrage.ReformNellie Bly (1867-1922) is hired by the New York World; her reporting lays the groundwork for the reform-minded muckracking journalists who come after her. |
1888 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawChief Justices: President Grover Cleveland (1837-1908) nominates Melville Weston Fuller (1833-1910) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He is confirmed by the Senate and serves for twenty-one years. PoliticsPolitical anthems: A Belgian woodcarver publishes the song "L'Internationale," with lyrics written during the Paris Commune uprising: "Arise, ye prisoners of starvation/ Arise, ye wretched of the earth...." The song is adopted by the Communist Party.PoliticsBelva Ann Lockwood (1830-1917) once more runs for the president for the Equal Rights Party; once again, she loses.PoliticsBenjamin Harrison (1831-1901) is elected as the 23rd President of the U.S., and Levi P. Morton (1824-1920) is elected as the nation's 22nd Vice President.GovernmentCongress creates the Department of Labor.GovernmentNational Capitol: The public is first admitted to the Washington Monument. | ScienceWeather fronts are first described; speculation considers thier relationship to storms.InventionsArtifical straws for drinking are patented.InventionsAfrican American Inventors: Granville T. Woods (1856-1910) patents a system for overhead communication between trains and railroad stations.InventionsJohn Boyd Dunlop (1840-1921) takes out a patent for his pnuematic bicycle tire.InventionsCroation-American Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) invents an alternating-current electronic motor. He also develops early radio technology, but he gets little financial reward for his achievements.InventionsGeorge Eastman (1854-1932) invents the Kodak camera.TechnologyEmile Berliner (1851-1929) gives the first demonstration of flat disc recording and reproduction before the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia.TechnologyIncubators are used for premature infants.TechnologyThe first seismograph in the U.S. is installed in California.TechnologyAirplanes: Augustus Herring, New York, builds and tests a glider. It fails to fly. | EducationNative Americans: Indian Education: Red Cloud invites the Jesuits to the reservation to establish a school for Lakota children in order to avoid sending children off the reservation.EducationA women's annex to Columbia University is voted by the trustees.EducationThe National Geographic Society is established and publishes the first issue of its journal.Arts and LettersSculpture: Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) finshes his sculpture "The Thinker" in an enlarged size.Arts and LettersRimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908) composes "Sheherazade."Arts and LettersJohn Phillips Sousa (1854-1932) writes "Semper Fidelis" for the Marines.IdeasAmerican socialist Edward Bellamy (1850-1898) writes "Looking Backward," a utopian science-fiction novel depicting the United States in the year 2000. | | Daily LifeDisasters: The famous "Blizzard of''88" occurs, lasting 36 hours and killing 400 people.Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: New York state establishes electrocution for murderers sentenced to die.Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: The body of Mary Ann "Polly" Nichols and Annie Chapman, the first two victims of murderer "Jack the Ripper," are found in London. Five more London prostitues are found disemboweled and a rumor circulates that Queen Victoria is responsible for their deaths to distract the public from scandals surrounding her son. | Sports Softball: Softball moves outdoors, played on a diamond smaller than baseball''s, and called Indoor-Outdoor Baseball.Sports Women in Sports: Women join bicycling clubs in Chicago and tennis clubs in New York City.Popular CultureThe world's first beauty contest takes place at Spa in Belgium. The first prize is awarded to Bertha Soucaret. an 18-year-old Creole from Guadeloupe.Popular Culture"Casey at the Bat" is recited for the first time in public. | |
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1889 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentNew State: Four states are admitted to the Union and include North and South Dakota as the 39th and 40th states, Montana as the 41st state, and Washington as the 42nd state.GovernmentNative Americans: Indian lands in Oklahoma are made available to white settlers. GovernmentBenjamin Harrison (1831-1901) is inaugurated as the 23rd President of the U.S., and Levi P. Morton (1824-1920) is inaugurated as the nation's 22nd Vice President. | ScienceThe origin of insulin in the pancreas is discovered.InventionsAn inexpensive method of producing aluminum is patented by Charles Hall of Ohio.InventionsJoshua Pusey invents the matchbook. InventionsSir James Dewar (1842-1923) and Sir Frederick Abel co-invent Cordite - a type of smokeless gunpowder. TechnologyAirplanes: Lawrence Hargrave (1850-1915), Australia, builds the first rotary airplane engine. It runs on compressed air and Hargrave uses it to power his model aircraft.TechnologyThe Eiffel Tower is completed in Paris.TechnologyThe first celluloid movie in the U.S. is made. | EducationBarnard College, a women's college affiliated with Columbia University and named after Columbia's president Frederick Barnard (1809-1889) is founded in New York.EducationCatholic Univeristy opens in Washington D.C.EducationClinical training is established as part of medical education at John Hopkins University Medical School.EducationChildren’s Books: The Scottish-born poet, classicist, folklorist, and critic Andrew Lang (1844-1912) writes "The Blue Fairy Book."EducationWomen's Firsts: Marie Louise Baldwin becomes the first black school principal in Massachusetts; she supervises 12 white teahcers and more than 500 children, 98% of them white.Arts and LettersPainting: In a frenzy of activity, Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890) finishes several famous paintings, including "The Starry Night," one of his last works.Arts and LettersLiterature: Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894) writes "The Master of Ballantrae." | Hayes, LucyLucy Webb Hayes (1831-1889) dies of a major stroke on June 25, while sewing as she watches a tennis match at Spiegel Grove, Ohio.Harrison, CarolineCaroline Harrison (1832-1892) tries to get Congress to appropiate funds to enlarge the White House; she fails, but does succeed in getting them to provide money for renovations.Tyler, JuliaJulia Gardiner Tyler (1820-1889) dies of a stroke in Richmond, Virginia on July 10.Harrison, CarolineElectric lights are installed at the White House, but President Benjamin Harrison (1831-1901) and his wife, Caroline (1832-1892) refuse to touch the swithces, so the lights must be turned on by an employee at night, then turned off in the morning.Wilson, EllenEleanor "Nellie" Randolph Wilson McAdoo (1889-1967), daughter of Woodrow and Ellen Wilson, is born October 16. Taft, HelenRobert Alphonso Taft (1889-1953), son of William Howard and Helen Taft, is born September 8. Roosevelt, EdithKermit Roosevelt (1889-1943), son of Theodore and Edith Roosevelt, is born October 10.Fillmore, AbigailMillard Powers Fillmore (1828-1889), son of Millard and Abigail Fillmore, dies November 15. | Economics"The man who dies rich dies disgraced." writes steel baron and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919), displaying the contradictory attitudes towards wealth characteristic of the American Gilded Age.EconomicsIsaac Singer (1811-1875) markets an electric sewing machine.EconomicsThe first anti-trust laws are passed in Kansas, North Caolina, Tennessee, and Michigan.Daily LifeThe first premixed self-rising pancake mix is marketed in the U.S.Daily LifeDisasters: The Johnstown flood occurs in Pennsylvania.Daily LifeNewspapers: The "Wall Street Journal" begins publishing.Daily LifeMagazines: "Cosmopolitan Magazine" is founded. | Sports Softball: George Hancock publishes the first set of Indoor-Outdoor Baseball (softball) rules.Sports Women in Sports: The first women's six-day bicycle race ends at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Sports Football: The first All-American Football Team is chosen by coach Walter Camp (1859-1925).Sports Boxing: The last bare-knuckled boxing championship occurs in Mississippi.Popular CultureMark Twain (1835-1910) writes "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court."Popular CultureJohn Phillip Sousa (1854-1932) composes the "Washington Post March."Popular CultureNelly Bly (1867-1922) circles the globe in 72 days, beating by 8 days the record of the fictional Phileas Fogg in Jules Verne's "Around the World in 80 Days." | Social IssuesNative Americans: Land in Oklahoma, formerly in Indian hands, is opened to white settlers; about 50,000 settlers rushed in on the first day.ReformSettlement House Movement: Jane Addams (1860-1935) opens Hull House in Chigago. It''s part of the settlement-house mevement to help immigrant populations adjust to American life both materially and culturally.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: M. Carey (1857-1935) Thomas leads the group of feminists who secure admission of women students to the John Hopkins Medical School as a condition of a large gift to its endowment. |
1890 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentThe Sherman Anti-Trust Act bans every type of restraint of trade in the United States, but the anti-monopoly law initially accomplishes little.GovernmentYosemite and Sequoia National Parks are created by an act of Congress. The national park is one sign of a developing conservation movement in the United States.GovernmentPresidents: Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969), 34th President of the United States, is born in Denison, Texas.GovernmentNew State: Idaho is admitted to the Union as the 43rd state and Wyoming is admitted as the 44th state in the Union.GovernmentWomen's Firsts: Alice Sanger becomes stenographer for President Harrison, the first woman employed in U.S. executive offices.WarIndian Wars: An army of about 500 United States soldiers massacres 300 Sioux Indian men, women, and children in a South Dakota encampment. The Battle of Wounded Knee is the final violent struggle between Native Americans and whites in the United States. | MedicineEmil von Behring (1854-1917), in Germany, develops a diphtheria antitoxin.MedicineFor the first time, rubber gloves are used in surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore.MedicineDr. Ida Gray (1868-1907) becomes the first black woman dentist in the U.S.MedicineThe standardization of diphtheria antitoxin establishes the field of immunology.InventionsPans made from aluminum are invented in Ohio.TechnologyAirplanes: Clement Ader (1841-1926), France, builds a steam-powered, propeller-driven bat-wing airplane, the Eole. It rises about 8 inches in the air and flies 165 feet. It is the first manned aircraft to take off from level ground. | Arts and LettersPoetry: Emily Dickinson's (1830-1886) first volume of poetry is published posthumously.Arts and LettersDrama: Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) writes "Hedda Gabler."Arts and LettersLiterature: Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) writes "The Picture of Dorian Gray."IdeasWilliam James (1842-1910) publishes "The Principles of Psychology." | Harrison, CarolineCaroline Harrison (1832-1892) helps raise funds for the Johns Hopkins Medical School, on the condition that they admit women.Harrison, CarolineWith the help of Caroline Harrison, the Daughters of the American Revolution is founded in Washington, D.C. | EconomicsCensus: According to the 1890 census, the total population in the United States is nearly 63 million people.EconomicsAnti-trust laws are passed by 11 more states.EconomicsLadybugs are imported to control insects threatening California's citrus trees.Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Convicted murderer William Kemmler (1861-1890) becomes the first person to be executed in the electric chair as he is put to death at Auburn State Prison in New York.Daily LifeGerman drug manufacturer Eugene Schieffelin introduces starlings to New York City. Today, starlings are one of the most common urban bird species in the United States.Daily LifeFashion: American women begin to wear knickerbockers for bicyclce riding.Daily LifeNewspapers: Modern newspaper features include bold "banner" headlines, extensive use of illustrations, "funny pages," plus expanded coverage of organized sporting events.Daily LifeThe General Federation of Women's Clubs is founded. | Sports Women in Sports: Baseball: The Bloomer Girls baseball era lasted from the 1890s until 1934. Hundreds of teams -- All Star Ranger Girls, Philadelphia Bobbies, New York Bloomer Girls, Baltimore Black Sox Colored Girls -- offered employment, travel, and adventure for young women who could hit, field, slide, or catch. Popular CultureThe first moving picture shows (movies) are shown in New York City. | Social IssuesChild Labor: Almost 23,000 children work in the factories of 13 southern states.Social IssuesNative Americans: Sitting Bull (Tatanka Iyotake) (1831-1890), the chief who led the Sioux Indians at the Battle of Little Big Horn against Lt. Col. George Custer (1839-1876), is killed. He dies while resisting arrest by Indian police.ReformCivil Rights Movement: Mississippi institutes a poll tax, literacy tests, and other measures to prevent blacks from voting. This marks the end of the political freedoms freed slaves had enjoyed during federal Reconstruction.ReformLabor Movement: United Mine workers of America is founded. ReformPoverty: New York photographer and social critic Jacob Riis (1849-1914) publishes "How the Other Half Lives," documenting the everyday poverty in the slums of New York City; the book is instrumental in forging a coalition of reform in the years of the Progressive Movement. |
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1891 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe newly established U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals ease the load of the Supreme Court.PoliticsExiles from the Ottoman Empire, called Young Turks, meet in Geneva. The Young Turks later become the architects of Turkey's nationalist movement.GovernmentHawaii proclaims as its Queen Liliukalani (1838-1917), renowned for her song "Aloha Oe."GovernmentThe Forest Reserve Act enables the President to reserve public lands for national parks. | MedicineThe American Psychological Association is founded.MedicineChicago's Provident Hospital becomes the first interracial hospital in the United States.InventionsAmerican, W.L. Judson invents the zipper, though it is not widely used until 1919.TechnologyThe submarine, "Monarch," lays telephone cable along the English Channel bed to prepare for the first telephone links across the Channel.TechnologyWireless telegraphy begins.TechnologyAirplanes: Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896) begins to test winged gliders, made from cloth stretched over willow frameworks.TechnologyAirplanes: Samuel Langley, Virginia, begins to experiment with steam-powered model aircraft he calls Aerodromes. The first five are failures. | EducationHigher Education: The University of Chicago is founded. The new Midwestern university, which sets out to lure academic stars away from the Northeast, gets its intial endowment from oil magnate John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937).Arts and LettersPeter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) conducts part of the first concert in brand new Carnegie Hall.Arts and LettersLiterature: English author Thomas Hardy's (1840-1928) classic, "Tess of the d'Urbervilles," is published.Arts and LettersPoetry: Emily Dickinson's 1830-1886) "Poems: Second" is published in 1891 and runs to five editions by 1893. | Taft, HelenHelen Herron Taft Manning (1891-1987), daughter of William Howard and Helen Taft, is born August 1. Roosevelt, EdithEthel Carow Roosevelt Derby (1891-1977), daughter of Theodore and Edith Roosevelt, is born August 13. Cleveland, FrancesRuth Cleveland "Baby Ruth" (1891-1904), daughter of Grover and Frances Cleveland, is born. Harrison, CarolineCaroline Harrison (1832-1892) designs the corn-and-flower pattern of the White House china used during her husband's administration.Harrison, CarolineCaroline Harrison (1832-1892) gives the first public address ever made by an incumbant First Lady on October 21.Polk, SarahSarah Childress Polk (1803-1891) dies at Polk Place in Nashville at the age of eighty-seven. | EconomicsThe United States' first full-service advertising agency opens in New York City. | Sports The first marathon race is run in Massachusetts; it is 26 miles, 385 yards, the same distance run in 490 B.C. to carry the new of an Anthenian victory over the Persians.Popular CultureArthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930) publishes "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes."Popular CultureMadison Square Garden is designed by Stanford White (1853-1906).Popular CultureHenri Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901) paints his first music hall posters. | ReligionAnn Spencer becomes an ordained minister of the Unitarian Church, serving in Providence, RI.Social IssuesNative Americans: More Indian Territory land is opned to the public for settlement. |
1892 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsGrover Cleveland (1837-1906) is re-elected as the 24th President of the United States, and Adlai Stevenson (1835-1914) is elected the nation's 23rd Vice President.PoliticsThird Parties: Angry Southern and Western farmers found the Populist Party at a convention in Omaha, Nebraska. Their candidate for President, James Weaver (1833-1912) wins 9 percent of the vote and receives 22 electoral votes. GovernmentImmigration: The Chinese Exclusion Act is extended for ten years. | MedicineAmerican School of Osteopathy opens in Missouri. The practice spreads rapidly and in most states is granted legal recognition identical with that of allopathic medicine.InventionsGottlieb Daimler (1834-1900) invents the carburetor.InventionsThe Ferris Wheel is invented by George W.G. Ferris (1859-1896) for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.InventionsThe first escalator, The Reno Inclined Elevator, is patented by Jesse W. Reno (b. 1861) of New York.TechnologyThe first electric car is driven from Des Moines, Iowa to Chicago, Illinois.TechnologyThe first automated telephone swithcboard is introducedTechnologyArtifical textile fibers, later named Rayon, are improved. TechnologyAirplanes: Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville Wright (1871-1948) purchase "safety bicycles" and open a sales and repair shop. They give a bicycle to their friend, Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906). | EducationPublic Education: The National Education Association establishes what becomes known as the Committee of Ten to study the function of the American high school.EducationThe International Kindergarten Union, an organization of kindergarten teachers, is founded in the U.S.Arts and LettersTchaikovsky's (1840-1893) "The Nutcracker" ballet is performed in St. Petersburg.Arts and LettersPoetry: Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950) publsihes her first collection of poetry.IdeasCharolette Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) publishes her short story, "The Yellow Wallpaper." | Harrison, CarolineCaroline Harrison (1832-1892) dies of tuberculosis in the White House on October 25, at the age of 60. | EconomicsBoll weevils invade from Mexico and infest most of the South's cotton crop.EconomicsThe Ohio Supreme Court outlaws John D. Rockefeller's (1839-1937) Standard Oil Trust under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. But Rockafeller simply re-incorporates in New Jersey, where corporations are allowed to hold other companies, and keeps his company under the new name Standard Oil of New Jersey.Daily LifeMelba toast is named for opera singer Nellie Melba (1861-1931).Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Lizzie Borden (1860-1927) is acquitted in the ax murder of her parents; it is one of America''s first sensational trials.Daily LifeFire seriously damages New York's original Metropolitan Opera House, located at Broadway and 39th Street.Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: The Dalton Gang, notorious for its train robberies, is practically wiped out while attempting to rob a pair of banks in Coffeyville, Kansas. | Sports Boxing: "Gentleman Jim" Corbett (1866-1933) wins the heavyweight boxing title by defeating John L. Sullivan (1858-1918); the fight is the first under the new Marquis of Queensbury rules.Sports Women in Sports: The journal Physical Education (a publication of the YMCA) devote an issue to women, saying that women need physical strength and endurance and dismis the popular idea that women are too weak to exercise. Popular CultureRudyard Kipling (1865-1936) publishes "Barrack-Room Ballads," that include "Gunga Din" and "The Road to Mandalay." | Social IssuesImmigration: Ellis Island replaces Castle Garden as the receiving place immigrants to the United States.ReformTemperance Movement: Carrie Nation (1846-1911) begins her violent fight for temperance legislation, often taking an ax to saloons.ReformLabor Movement: Steelwokers at one of Andrew Carnegie's (1835-1919) mills in Homestead, Pennsylvania, go on strike because manager, Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919), refuses to grant them a union contract. The workers lose after five months in one of the owrst defeats the American Labor movement has ever suffered.ReformEnvironmental Movement: The Sierra Club organizes to protect America's enviroment. |
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1893 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawImmigration: The Chinese Exclusion Act is declared constitutional by the Supreme Court.GovernmentHawaii is proclaimed a republic; it is annexed by treaty to the U.S. in February; in March, the treaty is withdrawn.GovernmentFrance acquires a protectorate over Laos and governs it as part of Indochina.GovernmentThe rank of Ambassador is created by Congress under the Diplomatic Appropriations Act.GovernmentA second Irish Home Rule bill is passed by the British House of Commons but rejected in the House of Lords.GovernmentCongress defeats an attempt to switch the U.S. to the metric system.GovernmentStamps: The first U.S. commemorative stamps are issued. They depict scenes of Columbus' voyage to America.GovernmentGrover Cleveland (1837-1906) is inaugurated as the 24th President of the United States, and Adlai Stevenson (1835-1914) is inaugurated the nation's 23rd Vice President. | ScienceThe "Journal of Geology" is founded by Thomas C. Chamberlin (1843-1928).ScienceThe length of the meter is standardized using a measurement based on the wavelength of red cadmium light.ScienceA forerunner to the theory of relativity is set forth by physicists George Fitzgerald, Jr. (1851-1901) and Hendrik Lorenz (1853-1928), stating that objects get smaller as they approach the speed of light.InventionsHenry Ford (1863-1947) builds his first successful gasoline engine.InventionsChemist Leo H. Baekeland (1863-1944) develops "Velox," the first photographic paper sensitive enough to be printed by artificial light.InventionsKarl Benz (1844-1929) builds a four-wheel car.TechnologyChlorine is first used to treat sewage in Brewster, New York.TechnologyAirplanes: Hiram Maxim (1840- 1916) predicts that even "under the most unfavorable circumstances, aerial navigation will be an accomplished fact inside of ten years." TechnologyAirplanes: Lawrence Hargrave (1850-1915), Australia, invents the box kite. Because it is remarkably stable and generates large amounts of lift, it creates a sensation in aeronautical circles. It's general form influences all early airplane designers. | EducationPublic Education (1893-1913): Size of school boards in the country's 28 biggest cities is cut in half. Most local district (or "ward") based positions are eliminated, in favor of city-wide elections. This means that local immigrant communities lose control of their local schools. Makeup of school boards changes from small local businessmen and some wage earners to professionals (like doctors and lawyers), big businessmen and other members of the richest classes.EducationWomen's Colleges: Mt. Holyoke Seminary becomes Mt. Holyoke College.EducationLillian Wald (1867-1940) organizes Home nursing classes for immigrant families in New York City.Arts and LettersLiterature: Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) writes "A Woman of No Importance."Arts and LettersLiterature: Henry Blake Fuller (1857-1929) publishes "The Cliff-Dwellers," considered to be the first American novel about the city.Arts and LettersOpera: Englebert Humperdinck composes the opera "Hansel and Gretal."Arts and LettersItalian actress Eleanora Duse (1858-1924) makes her debut in New York City.Arts and LettersWilla Catha (1873-1947) becomes a regular contributor to the "Nebraska State Journal"; she begins to review plays and write a Sunday column. She is also managing editor of "The Hesperian" and contributes numerous pieces.Arts and LettersLiterature: Stephen Crane's (1871-1900) first novel, "Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets," (1893) is a milestone in the development of literary naturalism.IdeasMatilda Gage publishes her classic feminist analysis, "Women, Church, and State."Ideas"The Psychic Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena" is published by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and Josef Breuer (1842-1925), laying the foundations of psychoanalysis.IdeasPsychologist Milicent Washburn Shinn (1858-1940) publishes "Notes on the Development of a Child." | Hayes, LucyRutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893), 19th President of the U.S., dies January 17 at Spiegel Grove in Fremont, Ohio. Cleveland, FrancesEsther Cleveland (Bosanquet) (1893-1980), daughter of Grover and Frances Cleveland, is born September 9. | EconomicsRailroad History: On May 10th locomotive #999 of the New York Central & Hudson River RR hauled four heavy Wagner cars of the Empire State Express down a 0.28% grade at record-braking speed. EconomicsA financial panic in the U.S. is touched off because gold reserves fall below $90 million.EconomicsL C. Tiffany (1838-1933) develops fervile glass, an elegant type of stained glass with which he makes screens, lampshades, and other items.DiscoveryThe World Columbian Exposition opens in Chicago and celebrates the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America. | Sports Boxing: The longest recorded boxing match occurs in New Orleans between Andy Bowen and Jack Burk; it lasts for 110 rounds, 7 hours, 4 minutes.Sports A relay race is first run at the University of Pennsylvania.Sports Ice hockey is introduced from Canada at Yale and Johns Hopkins Universities.Sports The first cross-country skiing competition for women takes place in Sweden.Sports Baseball: The stories differ, but some time during these years baseball meets the hot dog and an American classic is born.Popular CultureThe words to "America the Beautiful" are written by Katherine Lee Bates (1859-1929).Popular CultureHaving killed him off in "The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes," Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930) is subjected to major public outrage and demands that the detective be brought back to life.Popular CultureCalamity Jane (1848-1903) tours Europe and the U.S. in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show.Popular CultureMildred Hill (1859-1916), from Kentucky, publsihes her song, "Good Morning to All"; Robert H. Coleman adds a second verse beginning, "Happy Birthday to You." | Social IssuesNative Americans: Cherokee land between Kansas and Oklahoma is declared open to settlement.ReformSettlement House Movement: Lillian Wald (1867-1940) and Mary Brewster found the Henry Street Settlement on the lower east side of New York City, providing, among other things, visiting nursing to poor families.ReformWomen's Suffrage Movement: Colorado adopts suffrage for women.ReformWomen's Suffrage Movement: New Zealand adopts suffrage for women.ReformThe first World Congress of Women is held in Chicago. |
1894 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsFrench army Captain Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935) is arrested for treason; he is convicted "in camera," and deported to Devil's Island, French Guiana. This case, widely known as the "Dreyfus Affair," is, in part, an example of anti-Semitic persecution.GovernmentNicholas II (1868-1918) becomes the last czar of Russia.GovernmentCongress passes the first graduated income tax law as part of the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act, which lowers tariffs.WarThe Sino-Japanese War over control of Korea begins. | ScienceFlorence Bascom (1862-1945) becomes the first woman elected as a fellow of the Geological Society of America.ScienceLord Rayleigh (1842-1919) and William Ramsay (1852-1916) discover argon.ScienceThe Lowell Observatory is built in Flagstaff, Arizona.MedicineAlexander Yersin (1863-1943) and Kitasato Shibasaburo (1853-1931) independently discover the plague bacillus.MedicineThe Boston Board of Health begins medical examination of school-children.MedicineThe first effective antitoxin against diphtheria is developed by Anna Wessel Williams (1863-1954).InventionsThomas Edison (1847-1931) demonstrates the kinetoscope, a device for peep-show viewing using photographs that flip rapidly in sequence.InventionsLouis Lumiere (1864-1948) invents the cinematograph.InventionsA small hand-powered submarine is launched by inventor Simon Lake (1866-1945).InventionsRudolf Diesel (1858-1913) invents the diesel engine.TechnologyAirplanes: Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896) is regularly making glides of over 1000 feet. He begins to outfit his gliders with a "rebound bow" at the front to absorb the shock of a rough landing. It saves his life on at least one occasion. | EducationChildren’s Books: Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) uses his own upbringing in India for his Mowgli stories in "The Jungle Book."EducationLibraries: North Carolina A&T State University's Bluford Library is founded in Greemsboro.EducationWomen's Colleges: Radcliffe College recieves its formal charter as a women's college associated with Harvard University; Elizabeth Agassiz (1822-1907) becomes its first president.EducationWomen's Colleges: Martha Carey Thomas (1857-1935) becomes president of Bryn Mawr College.EducationEllen Gates Scott, co-founder of Hull House, founds the Chicago Public School Art Society in an effort to keep great art before the eyes of slum dwellers.Arts and LettersDrama: Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) writes "Arms and the Man."Arts and LettersJean Silbelius (1865-1957) composes "Finlandia."Arts and LettersDebussy (1862-1918) composes "The Afternoon of a Fawn" (L'Apres-midi d'un faune).Arts and LettersLiterature: "The Prisoner of Zenda" is published by English author Anthony Hope (1863-1933).Arts and LettersLiterature: The character of the hypnotist Svengali is introduced in the novel, "Trilby," by George du Maurier (1834-1896).Arts and LettersEmily Dickinson's (1830-1886) two volumes of letters, heavily edited and selected, are published. | Roosevelt, EdithArchibald "Archie" Bulloch Roosevelt (1894-1981), son of Theodore and Edith Roosevelt, is born April 9. | Daily LifeNewspapers: Comics first appear in Sunday newspapers. | Sports Horse Racing: The New York Jockey Club is founded.Sports A committee is established to organize the modern Olympic Games.Sports Golf: The United States Golf Association is founded.Sports Women in Sports: Golf: The first Australian women''s national golf championship is held. Popular CultureMark Twain (1835-1910) publishes "Tom Sawyer Abroad" and "The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson." | ReligionThe World's Young Women's Christian Association (WYWCA) is founded in Geneva, Switzerland.ReligionChildren’s Books: Talbot Baines Reed (1852-1893) bibliographer whose twenty-plus books include "The Master of the Shell," written for the Religious Tract Society. ReformLabor Movement: In a year of major labor unrest, Eugene V. Debs (1855-1926) leads the American Railway Union in support of Pullman strikers; railroad traffic out of Chicago comes to a halt; federal troops break the strike; Debs is jailed.ReformA band of unemployed men led by Jacob S. Coxey (1854-1951) engages in a march on Washington to petition Congress for public works projects to help the jobless. Coxey is arrested for trespassing and the "army" disbands. |
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1895 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawIn "Pollack v. Farmers Loan and Trust Company," the Supreme Court finds the income tax unconstitutional.LawLabor Movement: The Supreme Court upholds the use of the injuction as a strike-breaking device.GovernmentThe British South Africa Company territory south of Zambezi becomes Rhodesia.WarThe Sino-Japanese War ends with the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki. | ScienceWilhelm Rontgen (1845-1923) discovers x-rays.ScienceThe Yerkes Observatory is established at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.MedicineA group of black doctors form the National Medical Association, asserting that their interests are not being met by the American Medical Association.MedicineAlexander Yersin (1863-1943) develops a serum to fight bubonic plague.MedicineWomen's Firsts: Lillian Murray (1871-1960) becomes Britain's first woman dentist.MedicineElizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) publishes "Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women."InventionsThe safety razor is invented by King C. Gillette (1855-1932).InventionsItalian physcist Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) invents a wireless telegraph system.TechnologyThe Lumiere brothers (Auguste (1862-1954) and Louis
(1864-1948) are granted a patent in France for the earliest movie projectors. In March, thry first demonstrate motion pictures using celluloid film in Paris.TechnologyPneumatic (air-filled) tires are produced by the Hartford Rubber Works in Connecticut.TechnologyAirplanes: Percy Pilcher, Scotland, builds a glider, the Bat. Visits Otto Lilienthal and asks for advice. Makes suggested improvement and flies the Bat. Builds two more gliders, the Beetle and the Gull, making improvements on each one. | EducationLibraries: The Astor and Lenox libraries and the Tilden Trust merge to form the New York Public Library. EducationTroy Female Seminary becomes the Emma Willard School.EducationHigher Education: The London School of Economics and Political Science is founded.Arts and LettersPainting: The Art Nouveau style of painting is fashionable.Arts and LettersDance: The first complete performance of the ballet, "Swan Lake," by Tchaikosvky (1840-1893) occurs in St. Petersburg.Arts and LettersLiterature: Stephen Crane (1871-1900) publishes "The Red Badge of Courage."Arts and LettersPainting: Impressionist art is introduced to the U.S.Arts and LettersDrama: Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) writes the play "The Importance of Being Earnest."IdeasThomas Masaryk (1850-1937) publishes "The Czech Question."IdeasVolume 3 of "Das Kapital" by Karl Marx (1818-1883) is published posthumously. | Cleveland, FrancesMarion Cleveland (Dell Amen) (1895-1977), daughter of Grover and Frances Cleveland, is born July 7. | EconomicsRailroad History: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad begins using electric locomotives.EconomicsThe commercial production of pasteurized milk is begun by Lewis B. Halsey (1851-1919).EconomicsSears Roebuck Company opens a mail-order business.EconomicsWomen''s Firsts: Florence Kelley (1859-1932) becomes the first woman to head a state factory-inspection service.Daily LifeMagazines: "Field and Stream" magazine begins publication.Daily LifeThe first national organization of Black women's clubs, the National Federation of Afro-American Women, is organized by Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, Mary Church Terrell, Fannie Barrier Williams, and Margaret Washington. | Sports Women in Sports: Annie Smith Peck is the first woman to reach the peak of the Matterhorn. She climbed in a pair of knickerbockers, causing a sensation with the press. She helps to found the American Alpine Club in 1902. Sports The American Bowling Congress is established to govern the game.Sports Football: The first professional football game is played in the U.S. at Latrobe, Pennsylvania.Sports Golf: The first U.S. Open Golf Championship is held.Popular CultureKatharine Lee Bates(1859-1929) publishes "America the Beautiful."Popular CultureH.G. Wells (1866-1946) writes "The Time Machine."Popular CultureThe first public film show occurs in Paris at the Hotel Scribe. | ReligionThe National Baptist Convention if the U.S.A. is founded by the merger of Negro Baptist groups.ReligionElizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) publishes "The Woman's Bible."ReformSettlement House Movement: Lillian D. Wald(1867-1940) founds a nurses' settlement on Henry Street in New York City.ReformCivil Rights Movement: Ida B. Wells (1862-1931) publishes her famous work on lynching, "Red Record," the first comprehensive work on the topic supported by statistical data.ReformSettlement House Movement: Jane Addams (1860-1935) publishes "Hull House Maps and Papers," a detailed study of conditions of Chicago immigrants served by the settlement house. |
1896 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawEducation: In "Plessy v. Ferguson," the Supreme Court rules that "separate but equal" facilities for whites and blacks are constitutional; the ruling marks the beginning of the "Jim Crow" era, legalizing segregation and forming the central legal basis for school segregation in the United States.PoliticsThird Parties: William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) gives his "Cross of Gold" speech at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago; he is nominated for president by both the free-silver democrats and the Populist Party.PoliticsWilliam McKinley (1843-1901) is elected the 25th President of the United States, and Garrett A. Hobart (1844-1899) is elected the nation's 24th Vice President.GovernmentRural free mail delivery is established.GovernmentNew State: Utah becomes the 45th state in the Union; it reinstates women's suffrage, which was lost in 1887.GovernmentStamps: Rural free delivery beings bringing mail to homes in the country. | ScienceHelium is discovered by William Ramsey (1852-1916).ScienceRadioactivity is discovered by Frech physicist A. H. Becquerel (1852-1908).ScienceLord Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), English chemist, discovers alpha and beta waves.ScienceOhio physicist Wallace Sabine (1868-1919), develops a reverberation equation that becomes the basics of acoustics.ScienceSwedish anatomist, Magnus G. Retzius (1842-1919), publishes "The Human Brain," the most complete work in his topic today.InventionsThomas Edison (1847-1931) invents the flouroscope and the flourescent lamp.InventionsAmerican, H. O'Sullivan invents the rubber heel. TechnologyAirplanes: Percy Pilcher builds a much-improved glider, the Hawk, and glides up to 750 feet. He plans a powered versionTechnologyH.L. Smith takes the first X-ray photograph, a hand with a bullet in it. | EducationPublic Education: Plessy v. Ferguson decision. The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the state of Louisiana has the right to require "separate but equal" railroad cars for Blacks and whites. This decision means that the federal government officially recognizes segregation as legal. One result is that southern states pass laws requiring racial segregation in public schools.Arts and LettersOpera: "La Boheme," by Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924), is performed in Turin.Arts and LettersThe last of the Gilbert and Sullivan operettas, "The Grand Duke," is performed in London.Arts and LettersJohn Phillips Sousa (1854-1932) composes "The Stars and Stripes Forever."Arts and LettersDrama: Anton Chekhov (1860-1904) write the play "The Seagull."Arts and LettersEdward Elgar (1857-1934) composes "Enigma Variations."Arts and LettersLiterature: Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846-1916) publishes "Quo Vadis."Arts and LettersGerman opera singer Lilli Lehmann (1848-1929) debuts in Prague, Danzig, and Leipzig, and receieves a lifetime appointment at the Royal Opera in Berlin.IdeasThe Nobel Prizes are established in physics, phisiology and medicine, chemistry, literature, and peace. | Tyler, LetitiaJohn Tyler, Jr. (1819-1896), son of John and Letitia Tyler, dies January 26. | EconomicsThe Wright brothers begin to manufacture their own bicycles.EconomicsSuccessful off-shore oil wells are drilled near Santa Barbara, California.EconomicsA hydroelectric plant opens in Niagara Falls.Daily LifeThe tootsie roll is introduced by Leo Hirschfield.Daily LifeFanny Farmer (1857-1915), principal of the Boston Cooking School, publsihes "The Boston Cooking School Cookbook," which introduces precise measurement and instructions to cooking; revisions of the cookbook, which is renamed "The Fanny Farmer Cookbook," make the cook book a standard throughout the 20th century.Daily LifeNewspapers: Harriet Hubbard Ayer(1849-1903) joins the New York World as a beauty columnist, becoming the first coordinator of a "women's page."Daily Life"Book" matches become popular.Daily LifeThe History of Toys: A westernized version of the Indian game Parcheesi is introduced in England under the name Ludo. | Sports Women in Sports: Susan B. Anthony says that "the bicycle has done more for the emancipation of women than anything else in the world." Sports Women in Sports: Basketball: Women play in their first intercollegiate basketball game, between the University of California at Berkeley and Stanford University; no males were allowed at the Berkeley game.Sports The first modern Olympic Games open in Athens, Greece.Sports The first U.S. hockey league, The Amateur Hockey League, is established in New York City.Sports Athlete James B. Connolly (1870-1916) becomes the first Olympic champion in 1500 years at the revival of the Olympic Games in Athens.Popular CultureThe first close-up, prolonged embrace on the movie screen, The John Rice-May Irwin Kiss, scandalizes audiences across the country.Popular CultureMotion pictures are introduced into vaudeville shows.Popular CultureWomen’s Firsts: Alice Guy Blaché (1873-1968), the first American woman film director, shoots the first of her more than 300 films, a short feature called La Fee aux Choux (The Cabbage Fairy). | ReligionThe Mormon Church abandons polygamy, the practice of a man having more than one wife.ReligionFormer baseball player Billy Sunday (1862-1935) begins a career of evangelism, preaching at 300 revivals and to 100 million people before his death in 1935.Social IssuesPoverty: The Volunteers of America is founded by Salvation army leader Maud Charlesworth Booth (1865-1948).ReformLabor Movement: The Union for Industrial Progress is organized by Mary Morton Kehew (1859-1918) and Mary Kenney (O'Sullivan)(1864-1943) to support bookbinders, laundry and tobacco workers, and women clothing workers. |
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1897 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Supreme Court supports the Sherman Antitrust Act.LawWomen's Firsts: Sophonisba Preston Breckeridge (1866-1948) is the first women to be admitted to the Kentucky bar.PoliticsMathieu Dreyfus (1857-1930) discovers that the document on which his brother, Alfred (1859-1935), was convicted was actually written by Major M. C. Esterhazy.GovernmentWilliam A. McKinley (1843-1901) is inaugurated as the 25th President of the United States, and Garrett A. Hobart (1844-1899) is inaugurated as the nation's 24th Vice President. GovernmentImmigration: President McKinley (1843-1901) vetoes a bill that would require literacy tests for immigrants.GovernmentThis year marks Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, marking her 60th year as Queen of Great Britain. | ScienceMarie Curie (1867-1934) publsihes her first paper, on the magnetism of tempered steel, the year her daughter, Irene, was born.ScienceScottish physicist Joseph J. Thompson (1884-1956) discovers the electron.ScienceBeatrix Potter (1866-1943), who later achieved prominance as a children's author, discovers that lichen is not a kind of plant, but a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi; her discovery would not be accepted for another decadeMedicineThe malaria bacillus is discovered by Ronald Ross (1857-1932).MedicineThe bacterium that causes dysentery is discovered by Japanese bacteriologist Shiga Kiyoshi (1871-1951).MedicineDutch physician Chistiaan Ejikman (1858-1930) determines that the disease beriberi is caused by dietary deficiency.MedicineAmerica's first hospital for crippled children opens in St. Paul, Minnesota.InventionsThe oscilloscope is invented by Karl F. Braun (1850-1918). InventionsAfrican American Inventors: Andrew Beard (c.1849-1910), patents an improvement to railroad car couplers, called the Jenny Coupler, which did the dangerous job of hooking railroad cars together.TechnologyThe first full-length x-ray of a human body is produced by William Morton (1819-1868).TechnologyThe world's largest telescope (40 inch lens) is installed at Yerkes Observatory.TechnologyA 36-foot long gasoline powered submarine, the Argonaut II, with wheels for rolling along the ocean floor, in launched.TechnologyThe first practical subway is completed in Boston. | EducationEducation of Women: John Hopkins University's medical school becomes the first major American medical school to admit women, after recieving a large contribution from Mary Elizabeth Garrett (1854-1915) on the condition that it do so.EducationThe National Congress of Mothers, forerunner of the National Parent-Teacher Association, is founded by Pheobe Apperson Hearst (1842-1919) and Alice McLellan Birney (1858-1907).Arts and LettersLiterature: Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) writes "Captain's Courageous."Arts and LettersDrama: Edmund Rostand (1868-1918) writes and produces the play "Cyrano de Bergerac" in France.Arts and LettersDrama: Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) writes the play, "Candide."Arts and LettersWomen’s Firsts: H.H.A. Beach's (1867-1944) "Gaelic Symphony" is the first symphony by a woman performed in the United States, and possibly the world.IdeasHavelock Ellis (1859-1939) writes "Studies in the Psychology of Sex."IdeasSigmund Freud (1856-1939) defines the "Oedipus Complex" and suggests that dreams play an important psychological role. | Cleveland, FrancesRichard Folsom "Dick" Cleveland (1897-1974), son of Grover and Frances Cleveland, is born October 28. Harrison, CarolineElizabeth Harrison Walker (1897-1955), daughter of Benjamin and Caroline Harrison, is born February 21. Roosevelt, EdithQuentin Roosevelt (1897-1918), son of Theodore and Edith Roosevelt, is born November 19. Taft, HelenCharles Phelps Taft (1897-1983), son of William Howard and Helen Taft, is born September 20. | EconomicsMarconi (1874-1937) achieves radio tansmission over long distances and establishes the Wireless Telegraph Company.EconomicsAmerican Money: A National Monetary Commission meets at Indianapolis and endorses the existing gold standard.Daily LifeNewspapers: The first American comic strip, the "Katzenjammer Kids," is begun by Rudolph Dirks (1877-1968).Daily LifeSophie Levy Lyons (1848-1924) adandons a successful acreer as a famous international bank robber to become the first society columnist in the U.S.Daily LifeNovelist Willa Cather (1873-1947) begins her career as a newspaperwoman in Pittsburgh | Sports Softball: Softball becomes international with the creation of a league in Toronto, and the publication of the Indoor Baseball Guide.Sports Women in Sports: The first Women's French Tennis Championship is held. Sports Boxing: In the first boxing match to be photographed with a moving picture camera, Corbett (1866-1933) is defeated by Bob Fitzsimmons (1863-1917) in a 14-round bout.Popular CultureBram Stroker, Jr. (1847-1912) publishes "Dracula." | ReformAbolition Movement: Harriet Tubman (c.1820-1913) wins a $20 per month pension for her Civil War service to the Union. |
1898 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsFrench writer Emile Zola(1840-1902) is imprisoned for writing his "'J' Accuse" letter accusing the government of anti-Semitism and wrongly jailing Captain Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935).PoliticsAn anti-foreign, anti-Western organization called the Boxers is formed in China.PoliticsThird Parties: Eugene V. Debs (1855-1926) helps found the Social Democratic Party, later called the Socialist Party.GovernmentThe U.S. annexes Hawaii.GovernmentThe first Food and Drug Act is passed in response to public outcry over the meat supplied to U.S. troops in the Spanish-American War.WarSpanish-American War: The USS Maine blows up in Havana harbor, touching off the Spanish-American War, which begins on April 21 when the U.S. declares war on Spain; Spain declares war on the U.S. on April 24. | ScienceWilliam Ramsay (1852-1916) discovers xenon, crypton, and neon.
ScienceRadium and polonium are discovered by Marie Curie (1867-1934), who coins radioactivity.MedicineThe bacillus that causes dysentery is discovered by Japanese bacteriologist Shiga Kioshi (1871-1951).MedicineIsolating a hormone for the first time in a laboratory, Ohio pharmacologist John J. Abel (b. 1818) extracts epinephrine (adrenalin) from the adrenal glands of a sheep.MedicineEnglish bacteriologist Sir Ronald Ross (1857-1932), determines that malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes.MedicineAn Army Nurse Corps is created to provide trained militaty nurses to the armed forces in the Spanish-American War, thanks in large measure to Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee (1864-1940); its first superintendent is Mrs. Rita Kenney.MedicineClara Barton (1821-1912) again organizes private relief for the wounded in the Spanish-American War, as she did in the Civil War.InventionsEdwin Prescott patents the roller coaster. TechnologyThe first dirigible airship is built by German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin (1838-1917).TechnologyThe first photographs utilizing artificial light are taken.TechnologyThe Paris Metro is opened.TechnologyArgonaut II is the first submarine to travel in the open seas—300 milesfrom Virginia to New York.TechnologyPowered by electricity when underwater and by a gasoline engine when on the surface, John Holland (1841-1914) launches the Holland, a 53-foot long, cigar-shaped submarine. | EducationHighr Education: The first college of forestry is established at Cornell University.EducationWomen's Colleges: The first Phi Beta Kappa chapter at an American women's college is founded at Vassar.EducationWomen's Colleges: Florence Bascom (1862-1945) begins her long association with Byrn Mawr College, where she founded the geology department.EducationHigher Education: Peking University is founded in China.Arts and LettersDrama: Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) writes the play "Caesar and Cleopatra."Arts and LettersThe National Institute of Arts and Letters is founded.Arts and LettersKonstantin Stanislavsky (1863-1938), known for his techniques of "method acting," founds the Moscow Art Theatre.Arts and LettersArturo Toscanini (1867-1957) is appointed the musical director of La Scala Opera House in Milan.Arts and LettersDrama: George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) produces "Mrs. Warren's Profession;" it opens in New York City to a storm of protest over its content—the story of a former prostitute whose earnings allow her daughter to be raised in middle-class refinement.IdeasCharlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) publishes "Women and Economics," a study of the economic contributions of women and the discrimination they suffer. | | Daily LifeNewspapers: Hearst (1863-1951) can truthfully boast that his newspapers manufactured the public hysteria toward the war on Spain. Daily LifeNewspapers: This is the time of media consolidation, as many independent newspapers are swallowed up into powerful "chains"; with regrettable consequences for a once fearless and incorruptible press, many were reduced to vehicles for the distribution of the particular views of their owners, and so remained, without competing papers to challenge their viewpoints. | Sports Women in Sports: Baseball: Women''s Firsts: Lizzie Arlington becomes the first woman to sign a professional baseball contract, appearing in her first professional game pitching for the Philadelphia Reserves. Sports Women in Sports: Gertrude Dudley (b.1865) becomes director of women''''s athletics at the University of Chicago, becoming a major figure in American collegiate athletics for women.Popular CultureH.G. Wells (1866-1946) writes "War of the Worlds." | Social IssuesNative Americans: The Curtis Act re-affirms allotment of tribal lands on Indian reservations and ends tribal sovereignty in the territories.ReformTemperance Movement: Lillian M. N. Stevens (1844-1914) becomes president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, succeeding Fracnes Willard; the organization begins campaigning for national prohibition. |
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1899 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Women's Lawyer's Club is founded.PoliticsThe U.S. participates in the first peace conference at the Hague with 25 other nations; the Monroe Doctrine is upheld in the Western Hemisphere; a permanent Court of International Justice and Arbitration is set up.PoliticsAlfred Dreyfus (1859-1935) is pardoned by a presidential decree.GovernmentU.S. federal law raises the age of consent for homosexual relations from 16 to 21.GovernmentThe U.S. annexes Wake Island in the central Pacific for use as a cable station.WarBoer War (1899-1902) begins, between the British Empire and two Boer republics, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic. | SciencePhysioligist Jacques (1859-1924) Loeb demonstrates that cell division is controlled chemically.MedicineAmerica's first tuberculosis hospital opens in Denver, Colorado.MedicineOhio surgeon George W. Crile (1864-1943) develops new, more successful methods for treating shock.MedicineAlthough it has been used for centuries, aspirin is introduced as a "modern" medicine.InventionsI.R. Johnson patents the bicycle frame. InventionsJ.S. Thurman patents the motor-driven vacuum cleaner. TechnologyAirplanes: The Wright brothers experiment with twisting wings, trying to deform the front edges. They can’t come up with a device light enough or strong enough to control a glider in flight.TechnologyThe first magnetic recording of sound occurs. | EducationJohn Dewey (1859-1952) publishes "The School and Society," stressing the role of experience in learning.EducationEllen Swallow Richards (1842-1911) heads a series of summer conferences at Lake Placid, in which she teaches ways of improving the home enviroment; the new field is called home economics.EducationEducation of Women: Cornell University begins accepting women in its medical school, thus enabling the Blackwell sisters to close their Women's Medical College.Arts and LettersLiterature: Kate Chopin’s (1850-1904) second novel, "The Awakening," was published to much outrage and harsh criticism based upon moral, rather than literary, standards. Her best-known work, it is the story of a dissatisfied wife who explores her sexuality.Arts and LettersThe sousaphone, a bass tuba designed for parade use, is developed and named after John Phillip Sousa (1854-1932).IdeasSigmund Freud (1856-1939) publishes "Studies in Hysteria," putting the case for extreme repression of women's sexuality as a key factor in many sociophychological problems. | Mckinley, IdaPresident McKinley (1843-1901) becomes the first president to ride in an automobile when he takes a spin in a Stanley Steamer. | EconomicsThe first public garage was opened in Boston, MA; space for selling, storing, and repairing vehicles was available.Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Through the Chicago Women's Club, Hannah Solomon (1858-1942) sparked the establishment of Cook County's pioneering juvenile court.Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: The last bandit to rob a stagecoach in the U.S. is Pearl Hart (1878-1925). | Sports Boxing: James J. Jeffries (1875-1953) knocks out Bob Fitzsimmons (1863-1917) to become world hevayweight boxing champion.Sports Women in Sports: Two teams of women ice hockey players play a game on the artifical ice at the Ice Palace in Philadelphia. Popular CultureScott Joplin (1868-1917) publishes "The Maple Ragtime Leaf," helping to popularize ragtime music.Popular CultureIllustrator Charles Dana Gibson (1867-1944) introduces his "Gibson Girls" in a book of sketches called "The Education of Mr. Pipp." | ReligionThe Gideons, Christian Commercial Men's Association, are organized by three traveling salesmen in Jamesville, Wisconsin; the first Gideon Bible is placed in the Superior Hotel, Iron Mountain, Montana, in 1908.ReformCivil Rights Movement: African-American suffragist Lottie Wilson Jackson proposes a resolution at NAWSA that addresses the segregation on trains that forces black women to ride in the smoking cars; her proposal is defeated.ReformTemperance Movement: Temperance reformer Carrie Nation (1846-1911), armed with bricks, hatchets, and hymns, enters a saloon, sings, shouts imprecations and biblical passages, and smashes bottles, furniture, and decorations.ReformAmerican Protest Music: William E. Barton composes the slave spiritual “Before I’d be a Slave (Oh, Freedom).” |
1900 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsWilliam McKinley (1843-1901) is reelected as the 25th President of the United States, and Theodore Roosevelt is elected as the nation's 25th Vice President.PoliticsThird Parties: The Social Democratic Party nominates Eugene V. Debs (1855-1926) for president.PoliticsThird Parties: Both the Populist and the Democratic Party nominate William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) for President, running on a platform of free silver and anti-imperialism.GovernmentHawaii becomes a territory of the United States.GovernmentCongress enacts the Gold Standard Act, allowing other forms of money to be redeemable in gold.GovernmentStamps: First U.S. stamps issued in booklet form.WarThe Boxer Rebellion against Europeans in China occurs. | ScienceThe element radon is discovered by F. E. Dorn.ScienceQuantum theory—the idea that energy occurs in tiny packets called quanta—is proposed.MedicineThe first three blood groups—A, B, and O—are discovered by Karl Lansteiner (1868-1943), an Austrian physician, opening the door to safe blood transfusions. InventionsThe rigid airship, the Zeppelin, is invented by German military officer, Ferdinand Zeppelin (1838-1917).TechnologyWork begins on the New York subway.TechnologyAirplanes: October 10 — The Wright brothers experience their first crash. They rebuild the glider, and once again test it like a kite. | EducationCrayola Crayons: The Company begins producing slate pencils for schools. EducationChildren’s Books: The best-known American children''s fantasy is undoubtedly "The Wizard of Oz" by L. Frank Baum (1856-1919). EducationPublic Education: There are 15.5 million children in public schools in the U.S.; only one in ten stay beyond the age of 14. EducationChildren''s Books: Beatrix Potter (1866-1943) writes “The Tale of Peter Rabbit.”Arts and LettersDrama: Anton Chekhov (1860-1904) writes "Uncle Vanya."Arts and LettersOpera: Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) composes "Tosca," which opens in Rome.Arts and LettersLiterature: Theodore Dreiser writes “Sister Carrie.”Arts and LettersThe Philadelphia Orchestra is founded.IdeasSigmund Freud (1856-1939) publishes "The Interpretation of Dreams." | Mckinley, IdaIda McKinley (1847-1907) helps her husband conduct his famous “front porch” campaign for the Presidency from their house in Canton, Ohio. | EconomicsThe first Browning revolvers are manufactured.EconomicsCensus: U.S. population is 75 million; life expectancy is 48 years for males and 51 years for females.EconomicsRailroad History: Casey Jones (1863-1900) rides the "Cannonball" into history on April 30th.DiscoveryAnthropologist Sir Arthur Evans (1851-1941) begins excavations of the Palace of Knossos in Crete, leading to the discovery of the Minoan civilization.Daily LifeDancing: The Cake Walk becomes the most fashionable dance.Daily LifeThere are more than a million miles of telephone lines in the U.S. | Sports D. F. Davis (1879-1945) first presents the international lawn tennis cup that bears his name. Sports William Muldoon (1845-1933) is proclaimed the first professional wrestling champion.Sports Women in Sports: Women''s Firsts: The first 19 women to compete in the modern Olympics Games in Paris, France, play in just three sports: tennis, golf, and croquet. Margaret I. Abbott is the first American woman to win an Olympic gold medal. An art student in Paris, she won the nine-hole golf tournament by shooting a 47.Sports Black Athletes: Mace Montgomery of Georgetown University is the first African-American member of an Olympic delegation; he is a trainer. | ReligionThere are 73 million Christians, 1.5 million Jews, and 10,000 Muslims in the United States. Social IssuesImmigration: There are 3.7 new immigrants since 1891.ReformLabor Movement: The International Ladies’ Garment Worker’s Union is founded in New York.ReformTemperance Movement: Carrie Nation (1846-1911), temperance advocate, denounces saloons and liquor and supports prohibition laws.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: By now, every state has passed legislation modeled after New York’s Married Women’s Property Act (1848), granting married women some control over their property and earnings. |
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1901 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsThird Parties: The Socialist Party of America is organized.GovernmentThe treaty allowing the U.S. to build the Panama Canal is signed.GovernmentWilliam McKinley (1843-1901) is inaugurated for a second term as President of the United States, and Theodore Roosevelt is inaugurated as the nation's 25th Vice President.GovernmentVice President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) becomes the nation’s 26th President after the assassination of Presdient William A. McKinley (1843-1901). No new Vice President is selected.WarThe Boxer Rebellion ends with an agreement between China and the Great Powers.WarSpanish American War: The Platt Amendment authorizes U.S. intervention in Cuba; Cuba becomes a U.S. protectorate. | ScienceWilliam Roentgen (1845-1923) wins the first Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of X-rays.ScienceThe hormone adrenalin is first isolated.MedicineThe Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research is established.MedicineProof that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes is demonstrated by a Commission headed by Walter Reed (1851-1902).InventionsThe safety razor with disposable blades is invented by King C. Gillette (1855-1932). TechnologyGuglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) transmits telegraphic radio messages from Cornwall to Newfoundland with radio waves.TechnologyAirplanes: The Wright brothers, encouraged by their initial success, plan their second glider. | EducationLibraries: A Carnegie library is built at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.EducationHigher Education: The Army War College is organized.EducationHigher Education: The first public junior college is established in Juliet, Illinois. Arts and LettersPainting: This year sees the beginning of painter Pablo Picasso’s (1881-1973) “blue period.”Arts and LettersLiterature: Theodore Dreiser’s (1871-1945) second novel, "Jennie Gerhardt," is published. IdeasNobel Prizes are awarded for the first time.IdeasPhilosopher Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) founds Anthroposophy, a system of thought that underlies his Waldorf schools | Mckinley, IdaPresident William McKinley (1843-1901) is assassinated while visiting the Pan American Exhibition in Buffalo, NY.Taft, HelenWilliam Howard Taft (1857-1930) becomes Governor-General of the Philippines, and Helen Taft settles happily into her role as "first lady" of the Philippeans. | EconomicsThe first motor-driven bicycles appear.EconomicsJ.P. Morgan (1837-1913) forms the U.S. Steel Corporation, the first billion-dollar corporation in the world.DiscoveryCaptain Robert Falcon Scott (1868-1912) leads an exploration of Antarctica, sponsored by the Royal Geographical Society. Daily LifeChildren have only a 79 percent chance of living past age 15.Daily LifeThe first state regulations regarding the speed, registration, and license plates of automobiles are passed by Connecticut.Daily LifeWomen’s Firsts: Annie Edson Taylor (1838- 1921), a schoolteacher from Michigan, becomes the first person to go over Niagara Falls in a barrel.Daily LifeThe History of Toys: At just twenty-two years old, Joshua Lionel Cowen creates a battery-powered train engine as an "animated advertisement" for products in a store's display window. To his surprise, customers are more interested in purchasing his toy train, than the merchandise in the display. Lionel Trains is born. | Sports Women in Sports: The ambidextrous May Kaarlus, 16, performs a sereis of amazing billard shots in New York City. Male experts try and fail to duplicate her shots.Sports Boxing: Boxing is recognized as a legal sport in England.Sports The first American Bowling Club tournament is held in Chicago.Popular CultureRudyard Kipling (1865-1936) writes the novel, "Kim."Popular CultureRagtime music becomes popular in the United States. | ReligionThe Newcastle (England) Conference of the Catholic Truth Society meets to define the term “Roman Catholic” as a generic one, meaning all Catholics.ReformCivil Rights Movement: Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) publishes his autobiography “Up from Slavery.”ReformLabor Movement: The United Textile Workers Union is founded. |
1902 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentImmigration: The United States extends the Chinese Exclusion Act, again.GovernmentThe United States acquires perpetual control over the Panama Canal.GovernmentThe Secret Service assumes full time responsibility for protection of the President.GovernmentNational Capitol: The 19th-century conservatories are razed in White House, and a new "temporary" Executive Office Building, later called the West Wing, is erected. WarThe Boer War between British and Dutch colonists in southern African ends with the British in control of South Africa. | ScienceThe radioactive element radium is isolated by Marie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906) in France.ScienceThe hormone secretin is discovered.ScienceGenes are found on chromosomes, which are discovered to come in pairs.InventionsWillis H. Carrier designs a system for indoor air conditioning.TechnologyAirplanes: October 8 — The Wright brothers' modified glider works perfectly, with no tendency to spin. | EducationCrayola Crayons: Listening to the needs of teachers, Binney & Smith makes the first dustless school chalk. It’s so successful it wins a gold medal at the St. Louis World Exposition.EducationLibraries: The cornerstones are laid for NYPL's Humanities and Social Sciences Library on Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street.EducationPublic Education: Every state and territory in the United States except Arizona has a law requiring temperance instruction in schools.Arts and LettersPainting: Claude Monet (1840-1926) paints “Waterloo Bridge."Arts and LettersEdward Elgar (1857-1934), British composer, writes the first of his “Pomp and Circumstance” marches.IdeasWilliam James (1842-1910) writes "The Varieties of Religious Experience." | Washington, MarthaMartha Washington (1731-1802) becomes the first woman to appear on an American postage stamp.Tyler, JuliaLachlan Tyler (1851-1902), son of John Tyler and his second wife Julia, dies January 25. | EconomicsThe first national advertisement for Jello is published in the Ladies Home Journal.DiscoveryA Tyrannosaurus Rex is discovered in Montana by Barnum Brown (1873-1963), a paleontologist at the American Museum of Natural History. Daily LifeDisasters: Mt. Pelee on Martinique erupts, destroying the town of St. Pierre and killing more than 30,000 people.Daily LifeTransportation: The 20th Century Limited travels from New York City to Chicago in 20 hours, a new record for train travel.Daily LifeThe Aswan Dam is opened in Egypt. | Sports Football: The first Tournament of Roses football game takes place in Pasadena, California; Michigan beats Stanford, 49-0.Sports Women in Sports: Britian's Madge Syers opens the door for women figure skaters when she enters the all-male 1902 world championships and places second. Her second place finish causes officials to ban women from the championships for quite some time. Popular CultureA. Conan Doyle (1859-1930) writes "The Hound of the Baskervilles."Popular CultureRudyard Kipling (1865-1936) writes the "Just-So Stories."Popular CultureThe first motion picture theatre opens in Los Angeles.Popular CultureEnrico Caruso (1873-1921) makes his first phonograph recording.Popular CultureHot Air Balloons: The first balloon trip across the Irish Channel is completed. | ReligionThe Young Women’s Hebrew Association is founded in New York City.Social IssuesImmigration: Record numbers of immigrants continue to come to the United States, this year mostly from Italy, Russia, and Austro-Hungary.ReformLabor Movement: There is a coal strike in the U.S. from May to October. |
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1903 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsThe Russian Social Democratic Party splits into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.GovernmentA dispute with Canada over the boundaries of Alaska is finally resolved.GovernmentThe Departments of Commerce and Labor are established by Congress. WarThe U.S. supports an uprising in Panama against Colombian rule. Panama forms a new government which enables the building of the Panama Canal. | ScienceMarie and Pierre Curie receive the Nobel Prize for their work in radioactivity.MedicineThe electrocardiograph is invented by Wilhelm Einthoven (1860-1927). InventionsMary Anderson invents windshield wipers. InventionsElectrification: The steam turbine generator is invented by Charles G. Curtis and is developed into a practical steam turbine by William Le Roy Emmet (1859-1941). InventionsTransportation: The Wright Brothers invent and fly the first airplane powered by an engine. TechnologyAirplanes: December 17 — At 10:35 am, Orville Wright (1871-1948) makes the first powered flight in a fully controllable aircraft capable of sustaining itself in the air. The flight lasts just 12 seconds and stretches only 120 feet. TechnologyThe first crossing of the American continent by automobile takes 52 days. | EducationHigher Education: The Universities of Liverpool and Manchester in England are founded.EducationCrayola Crayons: Noticing a need in schools for safe and affordable wax crayons, Binney (1866-1934) & Smith makes the
first box of eight Crayola crayons. The box sold for a nickel and contained black, brown, blue, red, violet, orange, yellow and green —
the same colors in the box of eight today.
EducationLibraries: A new central Carnegie library is dedicated in Washington, D.C.Arts and LettersLiterature: Henry James (1843-1916) writes "The Ambassadors." Arts and LettersDrama: George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) writes “Man and Superman.”Arts and LettersOscar Hammerstein, Sr. (1847-1919) builds the Manhattan Opera House in New York City.Arts and LettersOpera: “Ernani,” by Guiseppe Verdi (1813-1901) becomes the first opera ever recorded.IdeasHenri Poincaré (1854-1912) publishes “Science and Hypothesis,” saying that every scientific theory is a hypothesis that must be tested and retested. | Roosevelt, EdithDuring Edith Roosevelt's tenure, the famous “gold Steinway” was presented to the White House in celebration of Steinway’s 50th anniversary; the piano established the East Room as a major setting for the performing arts.Roosevelt, EleanorWomen in Sports: Eleanor Roosevelt enrolls in the Junior League of New York where she teaches calisthenics and dancing to immigrants. | EconomicsRailroad History: New York state enacts legislation prohibiting the operation of steam locomotives on Manhattan Island in New York City south of the Harlem River after June 30, 1908. This spurred the electrification of New York City's trackage.EconomicsHenry Ford (1863-1947) founds the Ford Motor Company.EconomicsJ. P. Morgan (1837-1913) founds the International Mercantile Marine Company.DiscoverySpace Exploration: Russian scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935), prophet of space exploration, publishes “The Exploration of the World’s Space with Reactive Instruments.”Daily LifeAutomobile regulations in England set a 20 mile-per-hour speed limit. | Sports The first Tour de France bicycle race takes place.Sports Baseball: The first post-season baseball series (the World Series) occurs.Popular CultureJack London (1876-1916) writes “Call of the Wild.”Popular CultureThe longest film to date, “The Great Train Robbery,” lasts 12 minutes.Popular CultureRichard Steiff introduces the first jointed teddy bears, named after President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919). | ReligionAnti-Semitism: There occur many anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia.ReligionThe Sixth Zionist Congress refuses an offer from the British for a Jewish settlement in E. Africa.Social IssuesItems coming soon.ReformWomen’s Suffrage Movement: Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) founds the National Women’s Social and Political Union in England. |
1904 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawImmigration: In "Gonzales v. Williams," the U.S. Supreme Court decides that citizens of Puerto Rico are not aliens and can enter the U.S. freely. PoliticsTheodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) is re-elected President of the U.S., and Charles W. Fairbanks (1852-1918) is elected the 26th Vice President.GovernmentImmigration: The Chinese Exclusion Act is extended indefinitely.GovernmentSeveral U.S. government agencies, including the Navy, the Department of Agriculture, and the Army’s Signal Corps, all begin setting up their own radio transmitters, with little or no coordination among them.GovernmentStamps: Meters to pay postage were first used in New Zealand. The first use in the United States was on December 10, 1920, at Stanford, Connecticut. WarThe Russo-Japanese war begins when the Japanese launch a surprise attack on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur in northeast China.WarThe first trenches used in warfare are used in the Russo-Japanese War. | ScienceHartmann discovers interstellar matter.MedicineYellow fever is eradicated in the Panamal Canal Zone by Army doctor W. C. Gorgas (1854-1920).InventionsTeabags are invented by Thomas Sullivan.InventionsBenjamin Holt (1849-1920) invents the “caterpillar” tractor; it moves on continuous treads rather than wheels.InventionsThe first ultraviolet lamps are invented.TechnologyThe first radio transmission of music occurs at Graz, Austria.TechnologyThe first telegraphic transmission of pictures occurs in Germany.TechnologyThe first railroad tunnel under the Hudson River is built between Manhattan and New Jersey.TechnologyThe Broadway Subway is opens in New York City. | EducationEducation of Women: Helen Keller (1880-1968) graduates from Radcliffe College.EducationHigher Education: American Theatre: George Pierce Baker (1866-1935) establishes a course in playwriting at Radcliffe and then at Harvard.EducationLibraries: Carnegie library buildings begin construction at Alabama A&M, Atlanta University, Benedict College, Talladega College, and Wilberforce University.Arts and LettersOpera: The opera “Madama Butterfly,” by Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924), premiers in Milan.Arts and LettersDrama: Anton Chekhov (1860-1904) writes “The Cherry Orchard.”Arts and LettersThe Abbey Theatre in Dublin, part of the National Theatre of Ireland, opens its doors for the first time.Arts and LettersThe London Symphony Orchestra gives its first concert.IdeasSigmund Freud (1856-1939) publishes “The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.”
IdeasMax Weber (1864-1920) writes “The Protestant Ethic and the Birth of Capitalism.” | Roosevelt, EdithEdith Roosevelt (1861-1948) and her six children spend the summer of this election year at the “Summer White House” at Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay, New York, while the President remains in Washington.Gould, Am. First Ladies | EconomicsThe Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis--one of the world's fairs—introduces ice cream cones and iced tea to the United States.EconomicsWork begins on the Panama Canal.DiscoveryThe ship, "Discovery" sails out of McMurto Sound, ending Robert Falcon Scott’s first Antarctic expedition.Daily LifeDisasters: A disastrous fire destroys more than 1,500 buildings in downtown Baltimore. | Sports The Olympic Games are held in the United States for the first time, in St. Louis, Missouri.Sports The National Ski Association of America is founded at Ishpeming, Michigan.Sports Women in Sports: Softball: The Spalding Indoor Baseball Guide calls attention to the game of women’s softball.Sports Women in Sports: Bertha Kapernick becoms the first woman to give bronco riding exhibitions at the Cheyenne Frontier Days rodeo. Sports Black Athletes: Olympic medalist (summer games): George Poage (1899-1987) wins two bronze medals in the 200 m hurdles and 400 m hurdles. Popular CultureAuthor Jack London (1876-1916) writes "The Sea Wolf."Popular CultureJames Barrie (1860-1937) writes "Peter Pan." | ReligionThe institutions of the church and the state are officially separated in France.Social IssuesImmigration: Steerage rates for immigrants to the U.S. are cut to $10.00 by foreign steamship lines.Social IssuesImmigration: The Chinese Exclusion Act is extended indefinitely.ReformLabor Movement: A 10-hour word day is established in France.ReformWomen’s Rights Movement: A New York Policeman arrests a woman for smoking a cigarette in public. |
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1905 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawLabor Movement: In "Lochner v. New York," the Supreme Court rules that it is unconstitutional to limit the number of hours that bakers can work.PoliticsIn Ireland, Arthur Griffith (1871-1922) founds the Sinn Fein political movement calling for Irish independence.PoliticsChinese revolutionary Sun Yat Sen (1866-1925) develops a political philosophy based on his "three principles": nationalism, democracy, and livelihood for the people. GovernmentThe provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan are formed in Canada.WarRevolution breaks out in Russia in January after "Bloody Sunday" when czarist troops fire on marchers in St. Petersburg. The unrest leads to the creation of a State Duma and previews the Russian Revolution of 1917. WarThe Russo-Japanese War ends. | ScienceAlbert Einstein (1879-1955), a former patent clerk, proposes his Special Theory of Relativity. ScienceThe National Audubon Society meets for first time, during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919), champion of environmental conservation.Medicine“Typhoid Mary,” an infamous carrier of typhoid fever, is found and jailed.MedicineThe term “allergy” is introduced into medicine.InventionsA patent for windshield wipers is obtained by Mary Anderson (1866-1953). TechnologyThe Mount Wilson observatory is completed in California. | EducationJohn Dewey leaves the University of Chicago and his Lab School to move to Teachers College, Columbia University. EducationLibraries: The first public library on wheels is a horse-drawn book wagon designed by Mary Lemist Titcomb (1857-1932), head of the Hagerstown (Md.) Public Library.EducationPublic Education: The U.S. Supreme Court requires California to extend public education to the children of Chinese immigrants.Arts and LettersArchitecture: Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) completes his innovative office block, the Larkin Building, in Buffalo, New York. Centered on an atrium, it is fully air-conditioned and contains the first metal office furniture. Arts and LettersFauvism, named for its use of bright colors and bold brushwork, evolves in Paris. Participants include Henri Matisse (1869-1954), George Braque (1882-1963), and Raoul Dufy (1877-1953).Arts and LettersDrama: George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) writes “Major Barbara.” Arts and LettersOpera: David Belasco (1853-1931) produces “The Girl of the golden West” in Pittsburgh; it is later made into an opera by Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924).Arts and LettersClaude Debussy (1862-1918) composes “La Mer” in Paris.IdeasPhilosopher George Santayana writes “The Life of Reason.” | Roosevelt, EdithEdith Roosevelt (1861-1948)purchases a cabin and five acres of land for a family “get-away” in Virginia from a relative for $195. | EconomicsThe Rotary Club is founded by lawyer Paul Percy Harris (1868-1947) in Chicago. EconomicsRayon yarn is manufactured commercially through a viscose process.DiscoveryThe world’s largest diamond, the Cullinan (3106 carats), is discovered near Pretoria, South Africa.Daily LifeDisasters: An earthquake kills 370,000 in Kangra, India.Daily LifeThe first neon light signs appear. | Sports Baseball: Ty Cobb (1886-1961) begins his major league baseball career with the Detroit Tigers.Popular CultureIn Pittsburgh, the first nickelodeon opens, showing early movies. Popular Culture“The Merry Widow,” an operetta by Franz Lehár (1870-1948) .is produced in Vienna.Popular Culture“The Red Mill,” an operetta by Victor Herbert (1859-1924) is produced in New York. | ReligionThe Islamic Salafiyyah movement begins in Paris with its main sphere of influence in Egypt.Social IssuesItem coming soon.ReformLabor Movement: The Industrial Workers of the World is founded in Chicago. Its members, called the Wobblies, advocate strikes and sabotage over collective bargaining. |
1906 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsThe British Labour party is formed from the Labour Representation Committee.PoliticsThe French Supreme Court of Appeals exonorates Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935), ending the ten-year long Dreyfus Affair. GovernmentSelf-government is granted to the Transvaal and Orange River colonies in Africa.GovernmentTheodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) visits the Canal Zone on the first trip outside of the United States made by a President in office. While in Puerto
Rico, he pledges U.S. citizenship for Puerto Rican people.
GovernmentA new Pure Food and Drug Act offers American consumers protection from adulterated and tainted food products and patented medicines, occasioned, in part, from the concerns raised in “The Jungle.”WarU.S. troops occupy Cuba. | ScienceWilliam Morgan suggests that the Milky Way has a spiral structure. SciencePierre Weiss (1865-1940) proposes a theory of iron magnetism.MedicineGerman doctor August Wasserman (1866-1925) develops a test for syphilis. MedicineFrederick Hopkins (1861-1947) suggests the existence of vitamins and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets.InventionsAlva Fisher (1862-1947) invents the electric washing machine. TechnologyCanadian Reginald Fessenden (1866-1931) becomes the first person to broadcase words and music over radio waves. | EducationMaria Montessori (1870-1952) opens the first day-care center in Rome. Her Montessori method of early childhood education, part of the progressive education movement spreads through the world. EducationHigher Education: The first annual meeting of the American Sociological Society occurs.EducationLibraries: A Carnegie library is erected at Wiley College in Marshall, Texas.Arts and LettersLiterature: Upton Sinclair (1878-1968) publishes "The Jungle," a muck-raking novel about the American meat-packing industry. Arts and LettersPainting: Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) paints his portrait of American expatriate Gertrude Stein (1874-1946). Arts and LettersDrama: George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) has four plays open in New York: “Caesar and Cleopatra,” “Arms and the Man,” Man and Superman,” and “John Bull’s Other Island.” | Roosevelt, EdithTheodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) wins the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in negotiating an end to the Russo-Japanese War.Roosevelt, EdithWhite House Wedding: Alice Rosevelt (1884-1980), daughter of Edith (1861-1948) and Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) marries Nicholas Longworth (1869-1931). | EconomicsThe Rolls Royce company is founded in England.EconomicsA fully submerged hydro-electric plant is built inside Ambursen Dam in Maryland.DiscoveryNorwegian explorer Roald Amundsen (1872-1928) explores the Northwest Passage and determines the position of the magnetic North Pole.Daily LifeThe famous Cunard passenger liner Lusitania is launched. In 1915, it is sunk by a German U-boat. Daily LifeDisasters: An earthquake strikes San Francisco. The quake and resulting fires devastates the city, leaving more than 200,000 people homeless and more than 2,500 dead. | Sports The first grand prix motor race is held over two days at Le Mans, France.Popular CultureThe world's first feature film, "The Story of the Kelly Gang," is premiered at the Athenaeum Hall, Melbourne, Australia. | ReligionThe Jesuit Order, under Franz X. Wernz (1842-1914) reforms its plan of studies.ReligionA papal encyclical against the separation of church and state is issued.ReformConditions in the meat-packing industry, revealed in Upton Sinclair’s novel, “The Jungle,” lead to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act.ReformWomen’s Suffrage Movement: Finnish women win the right to vote, making Finland the first European nation to grant women suffrage.ReformLawyer Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948) begins a campaign of nonviolent resistance to protest the treatment of Indians in South Africa. |
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1907 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsPresident Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) shakes a record 8,513 hands in one day. GovernmentThe first American Indian senator, Charles Curtis (1860-1936) of Kansas, begins his term in office.GovernmentNew States: Oklahoma becomes the 46th state in the Union. GovernmentWomen's Firsts: The first women members of parliament are elected in Finland when 19 constituencies return women members. They take their seats on May 23.GovernmentJapan receives a protectorate over Korea thus giving Japan control over the Korean government. GovernmentThe first federal corrupt election practices law is passed.WarThe U.S. invades Honduras.WarThe world's first air force is established with the formation of the Aeronautical Division of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer of the U.S. army. WarForty-four nations meet in The Hague for the second Hague Peace Conference. | ScienceThe use of uranium to date the age of rocks is pioneered by American chemist and physicist, Bertram Boltwood (1870-1927).MedicineA chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness is developed by Paul Erlich (1854-1915).InventionsThe first synthetic plastic, called Bakelite, is invented by Leo Baekeland (1863-1944).InventionsThe very first helicopter is invented, though the design is unsuccessful. TechnologyImage reproduction methods using electromagnetic scanning are developed simultaneously in Russia and England. | EducationHigher Education: repositories for government documents.EducationLibraries: Carnegie libraries begin construction at Howard University and Knoxville College.Arts and LettersThe first exhibition of cubist paintings is held in Paris. Arts and LettersPainting: Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) paints "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon."IdeasSwiss chemist Svante August Arrhenius (1859-1927) suggests that life on earth began with inter-stellar microorganisms. | Hoover, LouAllan Henry Hoover (1907-1993), son of Herbert and Lou Hoover, is born July 17.Roosevelt, EleanorJames “Jimmy” Roosevelt (1907-1991), son of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, is born December 23. | EconomicsThe panic of 1907 is averted when J.P. Morgan (1837-1913) and a pool of investors shore up American financial institutions.EconomicsThe first canned tuna is packed in San Pedro, California.EconomicsRailroad History: Ground is broken on Sept. 7th by San Diego mayor John F. Forward dedicating the start of John D. Spreckels' (1853-1926) San Diego & Arizona Railway.DiscoverySwedish explorer Sven Anders Hedin (1865-1952) discovers the source of the Indus River in Tibet.Daily LifeTaxis first begin running in New York City. Daily LifeHolidays: The second Sunday in May is established as Mother’s Day in Philadelphia. | Sports Baseball: The Chicago Cubs beats the Detroit Tigers 4-0 for the World Series.Sports Women in Sports: The first organized bowling league for women begins in St. Louis, MO. The first of three women's bowling tournaments organized by the American Bowling Congress is held. The 1908 tournament is held in Cincinnati and the 1909 tournament in Pittsburgh. Popular CultureRingling Brothers Greatest Show on Earth buys Barnum and Bailey circus. | ReligionPope Pius X (1835-1914) declares modernism "the synthesis of all heresies."Social IssuesImmigration: A record 1.29 million immigrants enter the United States.Social IssuesImmigration: Japanese immigration is barred in the U.S.Social IssuesImmigration: The United States and Japan form a “Gentleman’s Agreement” in which Japan ends issuance of passports to laborers and the U.S. agrees not to prohibit Japanese immigration. ReformLabor Movement: The San Francisco Streetcar Workers Union in crushed after 25 workers are killed and hundreds wounded in battles with strikebreakers. |