1896 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawEducation: In "Plessy v. Ferguson," the Supreme Court rules that "separate but equal" facilities for whites and blacks are constitutional; the ruling marks the beginning of the "Jim Crow" era, legalizing segregation and forming the central legal basis for school segregation in the United States.PoliticsThird Parties: William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) gives his "Cross of Gold" speech at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago; he is nominated for president by both the free-silver democrats and the Populist Party.PoliticsWilliam McKinley (1843-1901) is elected the 25th President of the United States, and Garrett A. Hobart (1844-1899) is elected the nation's 24th Vice President.GovernmentRural free mail delivery is established.GovernmentNew State: Utah becomes the 45th state in the Union; it reinstates women's suffrage, which was lost in 1887.GovernmentStamps: Rural free delivery beings bringing mail to homes in the country. | ScienceHelium is discovered by William Ramsey (1852-1916).ScienceRadioactivity is discovered by Frech physicist A. H. Becquerel (1852-1908).ScienceLord Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), English chemist, discovers alpha and beta waves.ScienceOhio physicist Wallace Sabine (1868-1919), develops a reverberation equation that becomes the basics of acoustics.ScienceSwedish anatomist, Magnus G. Retzius (1842-1919), publishes "The Human Brain," the most complete work in his topic today.InventionsThomas Edison (1847-1931) invents the flouroscope and the flourescent lamp.InventionsAmerican, H. O'Sullivan invents the rubber heel. TechnologyAirplanes: Percy Pilcher builds a much-improved glider, the Hawk, and glides up to 750 feet. He plans a powered versionTechnologyH.L. Smith takes the first X-ray photograph, a hand with a bullet in it. | EducationPublic Education: Plessy v. Ferguson decision. The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the state of Louisiana has the right to require "separate but equal" railroad cars for Blacks and whites. This decision means that the federal government officially recognizes segregation as legal. One result is that southern states pass laws requiring racial segregation in public schools.Arts and LettersOpera: "La Boheme," by Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924), is performed in Turin.Arts and LettersThe last of the Gilbert and Sullivan operettas, "The Grand Duke," is performed in London.Arts and LettersJohn Phillips Sousa (1854-1932) composes "The Stars and Stripes Forever."Arts and LettersDrama: Anton Chekhov (1860-1904) write the play "The Seagull."Arts and LettersEdward Elgar (1857-1934) composes "Enigma Variations."Arts and LettersLiterature: Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846-1916) publishes "Quo Vadis."Arts and LettersGerman opera singer Lilli Lehmann (1848-1929) debuts in Prague, Danzig, and Leipzig, and receieves a lifetime appointment at the Royal Opera in Berlin.IdeasThe Nobel Prizes are established in physics, phisiology and medicine, chemistry, literature, and peace. | Tyler, LetitiaJohn Tyler, Jr. (1819-1896), son of John and Letitia Tyler, dies January 26. | EconomicsSuccessful off-shore oil wells are drilled near Santa Barbara, California.EconomicsA hydroelectric plant opens in Niagara Falls.EconomicsThe Wright brothers begin to manufacture their own bicycles.Daily LifeThe History of Toys: A westernized version of the Indian game Parcheesi is introduced in England under the name Ludo. Daily LifeThe tootsie roll is introduced by Leo Hirschfield.Daily LifeFanny Farmer (1857-1915), principal of the Boston Cooking School, publsihes "The Boston Cooking School Cookbook," which introduces precise measurement and instructions to cooking; revisions of the cookbook, which is renamed "The Fanny Farmer Cookbook," make the cook book a standard throughout the 20th century.Daily LifeNewspapers: Harriet Hubbard Ayer(1849-1903) joins the New York World as a beauty columnist, becoming the first coordinator of a "women's page."Daily Life"Book" matches become popular. | Sports Women in Sports: Basketball: Women play in their first intercollegiate basketball game, between the University of California at Berkeley and Stanford University; no males were allowed at the Berkeley game.Sports The first modern Olympic Games open in Athens, Greece.Sports The first U.S. hockey league, The Amateur Hockey League, is established in New York City.Sports Athlete James B. Connolly (1870-1916) becomes the first Olympic champion in 1500 years at the revival of the Olympic Games in Athens.Sports Women in Sports: Susan B. Anthony says that "the bicycle has done more for the emancipation of women than anything else in the world." Popular CultureWomen’s Firsts: Alice Guy Blaché (1873-1968), the first American woman film director, shoots the first of her more than 300 films, a short feature called La Fee aux Choux (The Cabbage Fairy).Popular CultureThe first close-up, prolonged embrace on the movie screen, The John Rice-May Irwin Kiss, scandalizes audiences across the country.Popular CultureMotion pictures are introduced into vaudeville shows. | ReligionThe Mormon Church abandons polygamy, the practice of a man having more than one wife.ReligionFormer baseball player Billy Sunday (1862-1935) begins a career of evangelism, preaching at 300 revivals and to 100 million people before his death in 1935.Social IssuesPoverty: The Volunteers of America is founded by Salvation army leader Maud Charlesworth Booth (1865-1948).ReformLabor Movement: The Union for Industrial Progress is organized by Mary Morton Kehew (1859-1918) and Mary Kenney (O'Sullivan)(1864-1943) to support bookbinders, laundry and tobacco workers, and women clothing workers. |
1897 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Supreme Court supports the Sherman Antitrust Act.LawWomen's Firsts: Sophonisba Preston Breckeridge (1866-1948) is the first women to be admitted to the Kentucky bar.PoliticsMathieu Dreyfus (1857-1930) discovers that the document on which his brother, Alfred (1859-1935), was convicted was actually written by Major M. C. Esterhazy.GovernmentWilliam A. McKinley (1843-1901) is inaugurated as the 25th President of the United States, and Garrett A. Hobart (1844-1899) is inaugurated as the nation's 24th Vice President. GovernmentImmigration: President McKinley (1843-1901) vetoes a bill that would require literacy tests for immigrants.GovernmentThis year marks Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, marking her 60th year as Queen of Great Britain. | ScienceMarie Curie (1867-1934) publsihes her first paper, on the magnetism of tempered steel, the year her daughter, Irene, was born.ScienceScottish physicist Joseph J. Thompson (1884-1956) discovers the electron.ScienceBeatrix Potter (1866-1943), who later achieved prominance as a children's author, discovers that lichen is not a kind of plant, but a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi; her discovery would not be accepted for another decadeMedicineThe malaria bacillus is discovered by Ronald Ross (1857-1932).MedicineThe bacterium that causes dysentery is discovered by Japanese bacteriologist Shiga Kiyoshi (1871-1951).MedicineDutch physician Chistiaan Ejikman (1858-1930) determines that the disease beriberi is caused by dietary deficiency.MedicineAmerica's first hospital for crippled children opens in St. Paul, Minnesota.InventionsThe oscilloscope is invented by Karl F. Braun (1850-1918). InventionsAfrican American Inventors: Andrew Beard (c.1849-1910), patents an improvement to railroad car couplers, called the Jenny Coupler, which did the dangerous job of hooking railroad cars together.TechnologyThe first full-length x-ray of a human body is produced by William Morton (1819-1868).TechnologyThe world's largest telescope (40 inch lens) is installed at Yerkes Observatory.TechnologyA 36-foot long gasoline powered submarine, the Argonaut II, with wheels for rolling along the ocean floor, in launched.TechnologyThe first practical subway is completed in Boston. | EducationEducation of Women: John Hopkins University's medical school becomes the first major American medical school to admit women, after recieving a large contribution from Mary Elizabeth Garrett (1854-1915) on the condition that it do so.EducationThe National Congress of Mothers, forerunner of the National Parent-Teacher Association, is founded by Pheobe Apperson Hearst (1842-1919) and Alice McLellan Birney (1858-1907).Arts and LettersLiterature: Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) writes "Captain's Courageous."Arts and LettersDrama: Edmund Rostand (1868-1918) writes and produces the play "Cyrano de Bergerac" in France.Arts and LettersDrama: Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) writes the play, "Candide."Arts and LettersWomen’s Firsts: H.H.A. Beach's (1867-1944) "Gaelic Symphony" is the first symphony by a woman performed in the United States, and possibly the world.IdeasHavelock Ellis (1859-1939) writes "Studies in the Psychology of Sex."IdeasSigmund Freud (1856-1939) defines the "Oedipus Complex" and suggests that dreams play an important psychological role. | Cleveland, FrancesRichard Folsom "Dick" Cleveland (1897-1974), son of Grover and Frances Cleveland, is born October 28. Harrison, CarolineElizabeth Harrison Walker (1897-1955), daughter of Benjamin and Caroline Harrison, is born February 21. Roosevelt, EdithQuentin Roosevelt (1897-1918), son of Theodore and Edith Roosevelt, is born November 19. Taft, HelenCharles Phelps Taft (1897-1983), son of William Howard and Helen Taft, is born September 20. | EconomicsMarconi (1874-1937) achieves radio tansmission over long distances and establishes the Wireless Telegraph Company.EconomicsAmerican Money: A National Monetary Commission meets at Indianapolis and endorses the existing gold standard.Daily LifeNewspapers: The first American comic strip, the "Katzenjammer Kids," is begun by Rudolph Dirks (1877-1968).Daily LifeSophie Levy Lyons (1848-1924) adandons a successful acreer as a famous international bank robber to become the first society columnist in the U.S.Daily LifeNovelist Willa Cather (1873-1947) begins her career as a newspaperwoman in Pittsburgh | Sports Softball: Softball becomes international with the creation of a league in Toronto, and the publication of the Indoor Baseball Guide.Sports Boxing: In the first boxing match to be photographed with a moving picture camera, Corbett (1866-1933) is defeated by Bob Fitzsimmons (1863-1917) in a 14-round bout.Sports Women in Sports: The first Women's French Tennis Championship is held. Popular CultureBram Stroker, Jr. (1847-1912) publishes "Dracula." | ReformAbolition Movement: Harriet Tubman (c.1820-1913) wins a $20 per month pension for her Civil War service to the Union. |
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1898 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsFrench writer Emile Zola(1840-1902) is imprisoned for writing his "'J' Accuse" letter accusing the government of anti-Semitism and wrongly jailing Captain Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935).PoliticsAn anti-foreign, anti-Western organization called the Boxers is formed in China.PoliticsThird Parties: Eugene V. Debs (1855-1926) helps found the Social Democratic Party, later called the Socialist Party.GovernmentThe U.S. annexes Hawaii.GovernmentThe first Food and Drug Act is passed in response to public outcry over the meat supplied to U.S. troops in the Spanish-American War.WarSpanish-American War: The USS Maine blows up in Havana harbor, touching off the Spanish-American War, which begins on April 21 when the U.S. declares war on Spain; Spain declares war on the U.S. on April 24. | ScienceWilliam Ramsay (1852-1916) discovers xenon, crypton, and neon.
ScienceRadium and polonium are discovered by Marie Curie (1867-1934), who coins radioactivity.MedicineThe bacillus that causes dysentery is discovered by Japanese bacteriologist Shiga Kioshi (1871-1951).MedicineIsolating a hormone for the first time in a laboratory, Ohio pharmacologist John J. Abel (b. 1818) extracts epinephrine (adrenalin) from the adrenal glands of a sheep.MedicineEnglish bacteriologist Sir Ronald Ross (1857-1932), determines that malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes.MedicineAn Army Nurse Corps is created to provide trained militaty nurses to the armed forces in the Spanish-American War, thanks in large measure to Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee (1864-1940); its first superintendent is Mrs. Rita Kenney.MedicineClara Barton (1821-1912) again organizes private relief for the wounded in the Spanish-American War, as she did in the Civil War.InventionsEdwin Prescott patents the roller coaster. TechnologyThe first dirigible airship is built by German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin (1838-1917).TechnologyThe first photographs utilizing artificial light are taken.TechnologyThe Paris Metro is opened.TechnologyArgonaut II is the first submarine to travel in the open seas—300 milesfrom Virginia to New York.TechnologyPowered by electricity when underwater and by a gasoline engine when on the surface, John Holland (1841-1914) launches the Holland, a 53-foot long, cigar-shaped submarine. | EducationHighr Education: The first college of forestry is established at Cornell University.EducationWomen's Colleges: The first Phi Beta Kappa chapter at an American women's college is founded at Vassar.EducationWomen's Colleges: Florence Bascom (1862-1945) begins her long association with Byrn Mawr College, where she founded the geology department.EducationHigher Education: Peking University is founded in China.Arts and LettersDrama: Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) writes the play "Caesar and Cleopatra."Arts and LettersThe National Institute of Arts and Letters is founded.Arts and LettersKonstantin Stanislavsky (1863-1938), known for his techniques of "method acting," founds the Moscow Art Theatre.Arts and LettersArturo Toscanini (1867-1957) is appointed the musical director of La Scala Opera House in Milan.Arts and LettersDrama: George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) produces "Mrs. Warren's Profession;" it opens in New York City to a storm of protest over its content—the story of a former prostitute whose earnings allow her daughter to be raised in middle-class refinement.IdeasCharlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) publishes "Women and Economics," a study of the economic contributions of women and the discrimination they suffer. | | Daily LifeNewspapers: Hearst (1863-1951) can truthfully boast that his newspapers manufactured the public hysteria toward the war on Spain. Daily LifeNewspapers: This is the time of media consolidation, as many independent newspapers are swallowed up into powerful "chains"; with regrettable consequences for a once fearless and incorruptible press, many were reduced to vehicles for the distribution of the particular views of their owners, and so remained, without competing papers to challenge their viewpoints. | Sports Women in Sports: Baseball: Women''s Firsts: Lizzie Arlington becomes the first woman to sign a professional baseball contract, appearing in her first professional game pitching for the Philadelphia Reserves. Sports Women in Sports: Gertrude Dudley (b.1865) becomes director of women''''s athletics at the University of Chicago, becoming a major figure in American collegiate athletics for women.Popular CultureH.G. Wells (1866-1946) writes "War of the Worlds." | Social IssuesNative Americans: The Curtis Act re-affirms allotment of tribal lands on Indian reservations and ends tribal sovereignty in the territories.ReformTemperance Movement: Lillian M. N. Stevens (1844-1914) becomes president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, succeeding Fracnes Willard; the organization begins campaigning for national prohibition. |
1899 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Women's Lawyer's Club is founded.PoliticsThe U.S. participates in the first peace conference at the Hague with 25 other nations; the Monroe Doctrine is upheld in the Western Hemisphere; a permanent Court of International Justice and Arbitration is set up.PoliticsAlfred Dreyfus (1859-1935) is pardoned by a presidential decree.GovernmentU.S. federal law raises the age of consent for homosexual relations from 16 to 21.GovernmentThe U.S. annexes Wake Island in the central Pacific for use as a cable station.WarBoer War (1899-1902) begins, between the British Empire and two Boer republics, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic. | SciencePhysioligist Jacques (1859-1924) Loeb demonstrates that cell division is controlled chemically.MedicineAmerica's first tuberculosis hospital opens in Denver, Colorado.MedicineOhio surgeon George W. Crile (1864-1943) develops new, more successful methods for treating shock.MedicineAlthough it has been used for centuries, aspirin is introduced as a "modern" medicine.InventionsI.R. Johnson patents the bicycle frame. InventionsJ.S. Thurman patents the motor-driven vacuum cleaner. TechnologyAirplanes: The Wright brothers experiment with twisting wings, trying to deform the front edges. They can’t come up with a device light enough or strong enough to control a glider in flight.TechnologyThe first magnetic recording of sound occurs. | EducationJohn Dewey (1859-1952) publishes "The School and Society," stressing the role of experience in learning.EducationEllen Swallow Richards (1842-1911) heads a series of summer conferences at Lake Placid, in which she teaches ways of improving the home enviroment; the new field is called home economics.EducationEducation of Women: Cornell University begins accepting women in its medical school, thus enabling the Blackwell sisters to close their Women's Medical College.Arts and LettersLiterature: Kate Chopin’s (1850-1904) second novel, "The Awakening," was published to much outrage and harsh criticism based upon moral, rather than literary, standards. Her best-known work, it is the story of a dissatisfied wife who explores her sexuality.Arts and LettersThe sousaphone, a bass tuba designed for parade use, is developed and named after John Phillip Sousa (1854-1932).IdeasSigmund Freud (1856-1939) publishes "Studies in Hysteria," putting the case for extreme repression of women's sexuality as a key factor in many sociophychological problems. | Mckinley, IdaPresident McKinley (1843-1901) becomes the first president to ride in an automobile when he takes a spin in a Stanley Steamer. | EconomicsThe first public garage was opened in Boston, MA; space for selling, storing, and repairing vehicles was available.Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Through the Chicago Women's Club, Hannah Solomon (1858-1942) sparked the establishment of Cook County's pioneering juvenile court.Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: The last bandit to rob a stagecoach in the U.S. is Pearl Hart (1878-1925). | Sports Boxing: James J. Jeffries (1875-1953) knocks out Bob Fitzsimmons (1863-1917) to become world hevayweight boxing champion.Sports Women in Sports: Two teams of women ice hockey players play a game on the artifical ice at the Ice Palace in Philadelphia. Popular CultureScott Joplin (1868-1917) publishes "The Maple Ragtime Leaf," helping to popularize ragtime music.Popular CultureIllustrator Charles Dana Gibson (1867-1944) introduces his "Gibson Girls" in a book of sketches called "The Education of Mr. Pipp." | ReligionThe Gideons, Christian Commercial Men's Association, are organized by three traveling salesmen in Jamesville, Wisconsin; the first Gideon Bible is placed in the Superior Hotel, Iron Mountain, Montana, in 1908.ReformCivil Rights Movement: African-American suffragist Lottie Wilson Jackson proposes a resolution at NAWSA that addresses the segregation on trains that forces black women to ride in the smoking cars; her proposal is defeated.ReformTemperance Movement: Temperance reformer Carrie Nation (1846-1911), armed with bricks, hatchets, and hymns, enters a saloon, sings, shouts imprecations and biblical passages, and smashes bottles, furniture, and decorations.ReformAmerican Protest Music: William E. Barton composes the slave spiritual “Before I’d be a Slave (Oh, Freedom).” |
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1900 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsWilliam McKinley (1843-1901) is reelected as the 25th President of the United States, and Theodore Roosevelt is elected as the nation's 25th Vice President.PoliticsThird Parties: The Social Democratic Party nominates Eugene V. Debs (1855-1926) for president.PoliticsThird Parties: Both the Populist and the Democratic Party nominate William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) for President, running on a platform of free silver and anti-imperialism.GovernmentHawaii becomes a territory of the United States.GovernmentCongress enacts the Gold Standard Act, allowing other forms of money to be redeemable in gold.GovernmentStamps: First U.S. stamps issued in booklet form.WarThe Boxer Rebellion against Europeans in China occurs. | ScienceThe element radon is discovered by F. E. Dorn.ScienceQuantum theory—the idea that energy occurs in tiny packets called quanta—is proposed.MedicineThe first three blood groups—A, B, and O—are discovered by Karl Lansteiner (1868-1943), an Austrian physician, opening the door to safe blood transfusions. InventionsThe rigid airship, the Zeppelin, is invented by German military officer, Ferdinand Zeppelin (1838-1917).TechnologyWork begins on the New York subway.TechnologyAirplanes: October 10 — The Wright brothers experience their first crash. They rebuild the glider, and once again test it like a kite. | EducationCrayola Crayons: The Company begins producing slate pencils for schools. EducationChildren’s Books: The best-known American children''s fantasy is undoubtedly "The Wizard of Oz" by L. Frank Baum (1856-1919). EducationChildren''s Books: Beatrix Potter (1866-1943) writes “The Tale of Peter Rabbit.”EducationPublic Education: There are 15.5 million children in public schools in the U.S.; only one in ten stay beyond the age of 14. Arts and LettersDrama: Anton Chekhov (1860-1904) writes "Uncle Vanya."Arts and LettersOpera: Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) composes "Tosca," which opens in Rome.Arts and LettersLiterature: Theodore Dreiser writes “Sister Carrie.”Arts and LettersThe Philadelphia Orchestra is founded.IdeasSigmund Freud (1856-1939) publishes "The Interpretation of Dreams." | Mckinley, IdaIda McKinley (1847-1907) helps her husband conduct his famous “front porch” campaign for the Presidency from their house in Canton, Ohio. | EconomicsThe first Browning revolvers are manufactured.EconomicsCensus: U.S. population is 75 million; life expectancy is 48 years for males and 51 years for females.EconomicsRailroad History: Casey Jones (1863-1900) rides the "Cannonball" into history on April 30th.DiscoveryAnthropologist Sir Arthur Evans (1851-1941) begins excavations of the Palace of Knossos in Crete, leading to the discovery of the Minoan civilization.Daily LifeDancing: The Cake Walk becomes the most fashionable dance.Daily LifeThere are more than a million miles of telephone lines in the U.S. | Sports D. F. Davis (1879-1945) first presents the international lawn tennis cup that bears his name. Sports William Muldoon (1845-1933) is proclaimed the first professional wrestling champion.Sports Women in Sports: Women''s Firsts: The first 19 women to compete in the modern Olympics Games in Paris, France, play in just three sports: tennis, golf, and croquet. Margaret I. Abbott is the first American woman to win an Olympic gold medal. An art student in Paris, she won the nine-hole golf tournament by shooting a 47.Sports Black Athletes: Mace Montgomery of Georgetown University is the first African-American member of an Olympic delegation; he is a trainer. | ReligionThere are 73 million Christians, 1.5 million Jews, and 10,000 Muslims in the United States. Social IssuesImmigration: There are 3.7 new immigrants since 1891.ReformLabor Movement: The International Ladies’ Garment Worker’s Union is founded in New York.ReformTemperance Movement: Carrie Nation (1846-1911), temperance advocate, denounces saloons and liquor and supports prohibition laws.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: By now, every state has passed legislation modeled after New York’s Married Women’s Property Act (1848), granting married women some control over their property and earnings. |
1901 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsThird Parties: The Socialist Party of America is organized.GovernmentThe treaty allowing the U.S. to build the Panama Canal is signed.GovernmentWilliam McKinley (1843-1901) is inaugurated for a second term as President of the United States, and Theodore Roosevelt is inaugurated as the nation's 25th Vice President.GovernmentVice President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) becomes the nation’s 26th President after the assassination of Presdient William A. McKinley (1843-1901). No new Vice President is selected.WarThe Boxer Rebellion ends with an agreement between China and the Great Powers.WarSpanish American War: The Platt Amendment authorizes U.S. intervention in Cuba; Cuba becomes a U.S. protectorate. | ScienceWilliam Roentgen (1845-1923) wins the first Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of X-rays.ScienceThe hormone adrenalin is first isolated.MedicineThe Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research is established.MedicineProof that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes is demonstrated by a Commission headed by Walter Reed (1851-1902).InventionsThe safety razor with disposable blades is invented by King C. Gillette (1855-1932). TechnologyGuglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) transmits telegraphic radio messages from Cornwall to Newfoundland with radio waves.TechnologyAirplanes: The Wright brothers, encouraged by their initial success, plan their second glider. | EducationLibraries: A Carnegie library is built at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.EducationHigher Education: The Army War College is organized.EducationHigher Education: The first public junior college is established in Juliet, Illinois. Arts and LettersPainting: This year sees the beginning of painter Pablo Picasso’s (1881-1973) “blue period.”Arts and LettersLiterature: Theodore Dreiser’s (1871-1945) second novel, "Jennie Gerhardt," is published. IdeasNobel Prizes are awarded for the first time.IdeasPhilosopher Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) founds Anthroposophy, a system of thought that underlies his Waldorf schools | Mckinley, IdaPresident William McKinley (1843-1901) is assassinated while visiting the Pan American Exhibition in Buffalo, NY.Taft, HelenWilliam Howard Taft (1857-1930) becomes Governor-General of the Philippines, and Helen Taft settles happily into her role as "first lady" of the Philippeans. | EconomicsThe first motor-driven bicycles appear.EconomicsJ.P. Morgan (1837-1913) forms the U.S. Steel Corporation, the first billion-dollar corporation in the world.DiscoveryCaptain Robert Falcon Scott (1868-1912) leads an exploration of Antarctica, sponsored by the Royal Geographical Society. Daily LifeChildren have only a 79 percent chance of living past age 15.Daily LifeThe first state regulations regarding the speed, registration, and license plates of automobiles are passed by Connecticut.Daily LifeWomen’s Firsts: Annie Edson Taylor (1838- 1921), a schoolteacher from Michigan, becomes the first person to go over Niagara Falls in a barrel.Daily LifeThe History of Toys: At just twenty-two years old, Joshua Lionel Cowen creates a battery-powered train engine as an "animated advertisement" for products in a store's display window. To his surprise, customers are more interested in purchasing his toy train, than the merchandise in the display. Lionel Trains is born. | Sports Women in Sports: The ambidextrous May Kaarlus, 16, performs a sereis of amazing billard shots in New York City. Male experts try and fail to duplicate her shots.Sports Boxing: Boxing is recognized as a legal sport in England.Sports The first American Bowling Club tournament is held in Chicago.Popular CultureRudyard Kipling (1865-1936) writes the novel, "Kim."Popular CultureRagtime music becomes popular in the United States. | ReligionThe Newcastle (England) Conference of the Catholic Truth Society meets to define the term “Roman Catholic” as a generic one, meaning all Catholics.ReformCivil Rights Movement: Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) publishes his autobiography “Up from Slavery.”ReformLabor Movement: The United Textile Workers Union is founded. |
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1902 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentThe Secret Service assumes full time responsibility for protection of the President.GovernmentImmigration: The United States extends the Chinese Exclusion Act, again.GovernmentThe United States acquires perpetual control over the Panama Canal.GovernmentNational Capitol: The 19th-century conservatories are razed in White House, and a new "temporary" Executive Office Building, later called the West Wing, is erected. WarThe Boer War between British and Dutch colonists in southern African ends with the British in control of South Africa. | ScienceThe radioactive element radium is isolated by Marie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906) in France.ScienceThe hormone secretin is discovered.ScienceGenes are found on chromosomes, which are discovered to come in pairs.InventionsWillis H. Carrier designs a system for indoor air conditioning.TechnologyAirplanes: October 8 — The Wright brothers' modified glider works perfectly, with no tendency to spin. | EducationCrayola Crayons: Listening to the needs of teachers, Binney & Smith makes the first dustless school chalk. It’s so successful it wins a gold medal at the St. Louis World Exposition.EducationLibraries: The cornerstones are laid for NYPL's Humanities and Social Sciences Library on Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street.EducationPublic Education: Every state and territory in the United States except Arizona has a law requiring temperance instruction in schools.Arts and LettersPainting: Claude Monet (1840-1926) paints “Waterloo Bridge."Arts and LettersEdward Elgar (1857-1934), British composer, writes the first of his “Pomp and Circumstance” marches.IdeasWilliam James (1842-1910) writes "The Varieties of Religious Experience." | Washington, MarthaMartha Washington (1731-1802) becomes the first woman to appear on an American postage stamp.Tyler, JuliaLachlan Tyler (1851-1902), son of John Tyler and his second wife Julia, dies January 25. | EconomicsThe first national advertisement for Jello is published in the Ladies Home Journal.DiscoveryA Tyrannosaurus Rex is discovered in Montana by Barnum Brown (1873-1963), a paleontologist at the American Museum of Natural History. Daily LifeDisasters: Mt. Pelee on Martinique erupts, destroying the town of St. Pierre and killing more than 30,000 people.Daily LifeThe Aswan Dam is opened in Egypt.Daily LifeTransportation: The 20th Century Limited travels from New York City to Chicago in 20 hours, a new record for train travel. | Sports Football: The first Tournament of Roses football game takes place in Pasadena, California; Michigan beats Stanford, 49-0.Sports Women in Sports: Britian's Madge Syers opens the door for women figure skaters when she enters the all-male 1902 world championships and places second. Her second place finish causes officials to ban women from the championships for quite some time. Popular CultureA. Conan Doyle (1859-1930) writes "The Hound of the Baskervilles."Popular CultureRudyard Kipling (1865-1936) writes the "Just-So Stories."Popular CultureThe first motion picture theatre opens in Los Angeles.Popular CultureEnrico Caruso (1873-1921) makes his first phonograph recording.Popular CultureHot Air Balloons: The first balloon trip across the Irish Channel is completed. | ReligionThe Young Women’s Hebrew Association is founded in New York City.Social IssuesImmigration: Record numbers of immigrants continue to come to the United States, this year mostly from Italy, Russia, and Austro-Hungary.ReformLabor Movement: There is a coal strike in the U.S. from May to October. |
1903 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsThe Russian Social Democratic Party splits into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.GovernmentA dispute with Canada over the boundaries of Alaska is finally resolved.GovernmentThe Departments of Commerce and Labor are established by Congress. WarThe U.S. supports an uprising in Panama against Colombian rule. Panama forms a new government which enables the building of the Panama Canal. | ScienceMarie and Pierre Curie receive the Nobel Prize for their work in radioactivity.MedicineThe electrocardiograph is invented by Wilhelm Einthoven (1860-1927). InventionsMary Anderson invents windshield wipers. InventionsTransportation: The Wright Brothers invent and fly the first airplane powered by an engine. InventionsElectrification: The steam turbine generator is invented by Charles G. Curtis and is developed into a practical steam turbine by William Le Roy Emmet (1859-1941). TechnologyAirplanes: December 17 — At 10:35 am, Orville Wright (1871-1948) makes the first powered flight in a fully controllable aircraft capable of sustaining itself in the air. The flight lasts just 12 seconds and stretches only 120 feet. TechnologyThe first crossing of the American continent by automobile takes 52 days. | EducationHigher Education: The Universities of Liverpool and Manchester in England are founded.EducationCrayola Crayons: Noticing a need in schools for safe and affordable wax crayons, Binney (1866-1934) & Smith makes the
first box of eight Crayola crayons. The box sold for a nickel and contained black, brown, blue, red, violet, orange, yellow and green —
the same colors in the box of eight today.
EducationLibraries: A new central Carnegie library is dedicated in Washington, D.C.Arts and LettersLiterature: Henry James (1843-1916) writes "The Ambassadors." Arts and LettersDrama: George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) writes “Man and Superman.”Arts and LettersOscar Hammerstein, Sr. (1847-1919) builds the Manhattan Opera House in New York City.Arts and LettersOpera: “Ernani,” by Guiseppe Verdi (1813-1901) becomes the first opera ever recorded.IdeasHenri Poincaré (1854-1912) publishes “Science and Hypothesis,” saying that every scientific theory is a hypothesis that must be tested and retested. | Roosevelt, EdithDuring Edith Roosevelt's tenure, the famous “gold Steinway” was presented to the White House in celebration of Steinway’s 50th anniversary; the piano established the East Room as a major setting for the performing arts.Roosevelt, EleanorWomen in Sports: Eleanor Roosevelt enrolls in the Junior League of New York where she teaches calisthenics and dancing to immigrants. | EconomicsRailroad History: New York state enacts legislation prohibiting the operation of steam locomotives on Manhattan Island in New York City south of the Harlem River after June 30, 1908. This spurred the electrification of New York City's trackage.EconomicsHenry Ford (1863-1947) founds the Ford Motor Company.EconomicsJ. P. Morgan (1837-1913) founds the International Mercantile Marine Company.DiscoverySpace Exploration: Russian scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935), prophet of space exploration, publishes “The Exploration of the World’s Space with Reactive Instruments.”Daily LifeAutomobile regulations in England set a 20 mile-per-hour speed limit. | Sports The first Tour de France bicycle race takes place.Sports Baseball: The first post-season baseball series (the World Series) occurs.Popular CultureJack London (1876-1916) writes “Call of the Wild.”Popular CultureThe longest film to date, “The Great Train Robbery,” lasts 12 minutes.Popular CultureRichard Steiff introduces the first jointed teddy bears, named after President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919). | ReligionAnti-Semitism: There occur many anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia.ReligionThe Sixth Zionist Congress refuses an offer from the British for a Jewish settlement in E. Africa.Social IssuesItems coming soon.ReformWomen’s Suffrage Movement: Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) founds the National Women’s Social and Political Union in England. |
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1904 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawImmigration: In "Gonzales v. Williams," the U.S. Supreme Court decides that citizens of Puerto Rico are not aliens and can enter the U.S. freely. PoliticsTheodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) is re-elected President of the U.S., and Charles W. Fairbanks (1852-1918) is elected the 26th Vice President.GovernmentImmigration: The Chinese Exclusion Act is extended indefinitely.GovernmentStamps: Meters to pay postage were first used in New Zealand. The first use in the United States was on December 10, 1920, at Stanford, Connecticut. GovernmentSeveral U.S. government agencies, including the Navy, the Department of Agriculture, and the Army’s Signal Corps, all begin setting up their own radio transmitters, with little or no coordination among them.WarThe Russo-Japanese war begins when the Japanese launch a surprise attack on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur in northeast China.WarThe first trenches used in warfare are used in the Russo-Japanese War. | ScienceHartmann discovers interstellar matter.MedicineYellow fever is eradicated in the Panamal Canal Zone by Army doctor W. C. Gorgas (1854-1920).InventionsTeabags are invented by Thomas Sullivan.InventionsBenjamin Holt (1849-1920) invents the “caterpillar” tractor; it moves on continuous treads rather than wheels.InventionsThe first ultraviolet lamps are invented.TechnologyThe first radio transmission of music occurs at Graz, Austria.TechnologyThe first telegraphic transmission of pictures occurs in Germany.TechnologyThe first railroad tunnel under the Hudson River is built between Manhattan and New Jersey.TechnologyThe Broadway Subway is opens in New York City. | EducationEducation of Women: Helen Keller (1880-1968) graduates from Radcliffe College.EducationHigher Education: American Theatre: George Pierce Baker (1866-1935) establishes a course in playwriting at Radcliffe and then at Harvard.EducationLibraries: Carnegie library buildings begin construction at Alabama A&M, Atlanta University, Benedict College, Talladega College, and Wilberforce University.Arts and LettersOpera: The opera “Madama Butterfly,” by Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924), premiers in Milan.Arts and LettersDrama: Anton Chekhov (1860-1904) writes “The Cherry Orchard.”Arts and LettersThe Abbey Theatre in Dublin, part of the National Theatre of Ireland, opens its doors for the first time.Arts and LettersThe London Symphony Orchestra gives its first concert.IdeasSigmund Freud (1856-1939) publishes “The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.”
IdeasMax Weber (1864-1920) writes “The Protestant Ethic and the Birth of Capitalism.” | Roosevelt, EdithEdith Roosevelt (1861-1948) and her six children spend the summer of this election year at the “Summer White House” at Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay, New York, while the President remains in Washington.Gould, Am. First Ladies | EconomicsThe Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis--one of the world's fairs—introduces ice cream cones and iced tea to the United States.EconomicsWork begins on the Panama Canal.DiscoveryThe ship, "Discovery" sails out of McMurto Sound, ending Robert Falcon Scott’s first Antarctic expedition.Daily LifeDisasters: A disastrous fire destroys more than 1,500 buildings in downtown Baltimore. | Sports The Olympic Games are held in the United States for the first time, in St. Louis, Missouri.Sports The National Ski Association of America is founded at Ishpeming, Michigan.Sports Women in Sports: Softball: The Spalding Indoor Baseball Guide calls attention to the game of women’s softball.Sports Women in Sports: Bertha Kapernick becoms the first woman to give bronco riding exhibitions at the Cheyenne Frontier Days rodeo. Sports Black Athletes: Olympic medalist (summer games): George Poage (1899-1987) wins two bronze medals in the 200 m hurdles and 400 m hurdles. Popular CultureAuthor Jack London (1876-1916) writes "The Sea Wolf."Popular CultureJames Barrie (1860-1937) writes "Peter Pan." | ReligionThe institutions of the church and the state are officially separated in France.Social IssuesImmigration: Steerage rates for immigrants to the U.S. are cut to $10.00 by foreign steamship lines.Social IssuesImmigration: The Chinese Exclusion Act is extended indefinitely.ReformLabor Movement: A 10-hour word day is established in France.ReformWomen’s Rights Movement: A New York Policeman arrests a woman for smoking a cigarette in public. |
1905 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawLabor Movement: In "Lochner v. New York," the Supreme Court rules that it is unconstitutional to limit the number of hours that bakers can work.PoliticsIn Ireland, Arthur Griffith (1871-1922) founds the Sinn Fein political movement calling for Irish independence.PoliticsChinese revolutionary Sun Yat Sen (1866-1925) develops a political philosophy based on his "three principles": nationalism, democracy, and livelihood for the people. GovernmentThe provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan are formed in Canada.WarRevolution breaks out in Russia in January after "Bloody Sunday" when czarist troops fire on marchers in St. Petersburg. The unrest leads to the creation of a State Duma and previews the Russian Revolution of 1917. WarThe Russo-Japanese War ends. | ScienceAlbert Einstein (1879-1955), a former patent clerk, proposes his Special Theory of Relativity. ScienceThe National Audubon Society meets for first time, during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919), champion of environmental conservation.Medicine“Typhoid Mary,” an infamous carrier of typhoid fever, is found and jailed.MedicineThe term “allergy” is introduced into medicine.InventionsA patent for windshield wipers is obtained by Mary Anderson (1866-1953). TechnologyThe Mount Wilson observatory is completed in California. | EducationJohn Dewey leaves the University of Chicago and his Lab School to move to Teachers College, Columbia University. EducationLibraries: The first public library on wheels is a horse-drawn book wagon designed by Mary Lemist Titcomb (1857-1932), head of the Hagerstown (Md.) Public Library.EducationPublic Education: The U.S. Supreme Court requires California to extend public education to the children of Chinese immigrants.Arts and LettersArchitecture: Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) completes his innovative office block, the Larkin Building, in Buffalo, New York. Centered on an atrium, it is fully air-conditioned and contains the first metal office furniture. Arts and LettersFauvism, named for its use of bright colors and bold brushwork, evolves in Paris. Participants include Henri Matisse (1869-1954), George Braque (1882-1963), and Raoul Dufy (1877-1953).Arts and LettersDrama: George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) writes “Major Barbara.” Arts and LettersOpera: David Belasco (1853-1931) produces “The Girl of the golden West” in Pittsburgh; it is later made into an opera by Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924).Arts and LettersClaude Debussy (1862-1918) composes “La Mer” in Paris.IdeasPhilosopher George Santayana writes “The Life of Reason.” | Roosevelt, EdithEdith Roosevelt (1861-1948)purchases a cabin and five acres of land for a family “get-away” in Virginia from a relative for $195. | EconomicsThe Rotary Club is founded by lawyer Paul Percy Harris (1868-1947) in Chicago. EconomicsRayon yarn is manufactured commercially through a viscose process.DiscoveryThe world’s largest diamond, the Cullinan (3106 carats), is discovered near Pretoria, South Africa.Daily LifeDisasters: An earthquake kills 370,000 in Kangra, India.Daily LifeThe first neon light signs appear. | Sports Baseball: Ty Cobb (1886-1961) begins his major league baseball career with the Detroit Tigers.Popular CultureIn Pittsburgh, the first nickelodeon opens, showing early movies. Popular Culture“The Merry Widow,” an operetta by Franz Lehár (1870-1948) .is produced in Vienna.Popular Culture“The Red Mill,” an operetta by Victor Herbert (1859-1924) is produced in New York. | ReligionThe Islamic Salafiyyah movement begins in Paris with its main sphere of influence in Egypt.Social IssuesItem coming soon.ReformLabor Movement: The Industrial Workers of the World is founded in Chicago. Its members, called the Wobblies, advocate strikes and sabotage over collective bargaining. |
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1906 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsThe British Labour party is formed from the Labour Representation Committee.PoliticsThe French Supreme Court of Appeals exonorates Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935), ending the ten-year long Dreyfus Affair. GovernmentSelf-government is granted to the Transvaal and Orange River colonies in Africa.GovernmentTheodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) visits the Canal Zone on the first trip outside of the United States made by a President in office. While in Puerto
Rico, he pledges U.S. citizenship for Puerto Rican people.
GovernmentA new Pure Food and Drug Act offers American consumers protection from adulterated and tainted food products and patented medicines, occasioned, in part, from the concerns raised in “The Jungle.”WarU.S. troops occupy Cuba. | ScienceWilliam Morgan suggests that the Milky Way has a spiral structure. SciencePierre Weiss (1865-1940) proposes a theory of iron magnetism.MedicineGerman doctor August Wasserman (1866-1925) develops a test for syphilis. MedicineFrederick Hopkins (1861-1947) suggests the existence of vitamins and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets.InventionsAlva Fisher (1862-1947) invents the electric washing machine. TechnologyCanadian Reginald Fessenden (1866-1931) becomes the first person to broadcase words and music over radio waves. | EducationLibraries: A Carnegie library is erected at Wiley College in Marshall, Texas.EducationMaria Montessori (1870-1952) opens the first day-care center in Rome. Her Montessori method of early childhood education, part of the progressive education movement spreads through the world. EducationHigher Education: The first annual meeting of the American Sociological Society occurs.Arts and LettersLiterature: Upton Sinclair (1878-1968) publishes "The Jungle," a muck-raking novel about the American meat-packing industry. Arts and LettersPainting: Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) paints his portrait of American expatriate Gertrude Stein (1874-1946). Arts and LettersDrama: George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) has four plays open in New York: “Caesar and Cleopatra,” “Arms and the Man,” Man and Superman,” and “John Bull’s Other Island.” | Roosevelt, EdithTheodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) wins the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in negotiating an end to the Russo-Japanese War.Roosevelt, EdithWhite House Wedding: Alice Rosevelt (1884-1980), daughter of Edith (1861-1948) and Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) marries Nicholas Longworth (1869-1931). | EconomicsThe Rolls Royce company is founded in England.EconomicsA fully submerged hydro-electric plant is built inside Ambursen Dam in Maryland.DiscoveryNorwegian explorer Roald Amundsen (1872-1928) explores the Northwest Passage and determines the position of the magnetic North Pole.Daily LifeThe famous Cunard passenger liner Lusitania is launched. In 1915, it is sunk by a German U-boat. Daily LifeDisasters: An earthquake strikes San Francisco. The quake and resulting fires devastates the city, leaving more than 200,000 people homeless and more than 2,500 dead. | Sports The first grand prix motor race is held over two days at Le Mans, France.Popular CultureThe world's first feature film, "The Story of the Kelly Gang," is premiered at the Athenaeum Hall, Melbourne, Australia. | ReligionThe Jesuit Order, under Franz X. Wernz (1842-1914) reforms its plan of studies.ReligionA papal encyclical against the separation of church and state is issued.ReformConditions in the meat-packing industry, revealed in Upton Sinclair’s novel, “The Jungle,” lead to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act.ReformWomen’s Suffrage Movement: Finnish women win the right to vote, making Finland the first European nation to grant women suffrage.ReformLawyer Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948) begins a campaign of nonviolent resistance to protest the treatment of Indians in South Africa. |
1907 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsPresident Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) shakes a record 8,513 hands in one day. GovernmentThe first American Indian senator, Charles Curtis (1860-1936) of Kansas, begins his term in office.GovernmentNew States: Oklahoma becomes the 46th state in the Union. GovernmentWomen's Firsts: The first women members of parliament are elected in Finland when 19 constituencies return women members. They take their seats on May 23.GovernmentJapan receives a protectorate over Korea thus giving Japan control over the Korean government. GovernmentThe first federal corrupt election practices law is passed.WarThe U.S. invades Honduras.WarThe world's first air force is established with the formation of the Aeronautical Division of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer of the U.S. army. WarForty-four nations meet in The Hague for the second Hague Peace Conference. | ScienceThe use of uranium to date the age of rocks is pioneered by American chemist and physicist, Bertram Boltwood (1870-1927).MedicineA chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness is developed by Paul Erlich (1854-1915).InventionsThe first synthetic plastic, called Bakelite, is invented by Leo Baekeland (1863-1944).InventionsThe very first helicopter is invented, though the design is unsuccessful. TechnologyImage reproduction methods using electromagnetic scanning are developed simultaneously in Russia and England. | EducationHigher Education: repositories for government documents.EducationLibraries: Carnegie libraries begin construction at Howard University and Knoxville College.Arts and LettersThe first exhibition of cubist paintings is held in Paris. Arts and LettersPainting: Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) paints "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon."IdeasSwiss chemist Svante August Arrhenius (1859-1927) suggests that life on earth began with inter-stellar microorganisms. | Hoover, LouAllan Henry Hoover (1907-1993), son of Herbert and Lou Hoover, is born July 17.Roosevelt, EleanorJames “Jimmy” Roosevelt (1907-1991), son of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, is born December 23. | EconomicsThe panic of 1907 is averted when J.P. Morgan (1837-1913) and a pool of investors shore up American financial institutions.EconomicsThe first canned tuna is packed in San Pedro, California.EconomicsRailroad History: Ground is broken on Sept. 7th by San Diego mayor John F. Forward dedicating the start of John D. Spreckels' (1853-1926) San Diego & Arizona Railway.DiscoverySwedish explorer Sven Anders Hedin (1865-1952) discovers the source of the Indus River in Tibet.Daily LifeTaxis first begin running in New York City. Daily LifeHolidays: The second Sunday in May is established as Mother’s Day in Philadelphia. | Sports Baseball: The Chicago Cubs beats the Detroit Tigers 4-0 for the World Series.Sports Women in Sports: The first organized bowling league for women begins in St. Louis, MO. The first of three women's bowling tournaments organized by the American Bowling Congress is held. The 1908 tournament is held in Cincinnati and the 1909 tournament in Pittsburgh. Popular CultureRingling Brothers Greatest Show on Earth buys Barnum and Bailey circus. | ReligionPope Pius X (1835-1914) declares modernism "the synthesis of all heresies."Social IssuesImmigration: A record 1.29 million immigrants enter the United States.Social IssuesImmigration: Japanese immigration is barred in the U.S.Social IssuesImmigration: The United States and Japan form a “Gentleman’s Agreement” in which Japan ends issuance of passports to laborers and the U.S. agrees not to prohibit Japanese immigration. ReformLabor Movement: The San Francisco Streetcar Workers Union in crushed after 25 workers are killed and hundreds wounded in battles with strikebreakers. |
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1908 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Women’s Lawyers Club becomes the Women’s National Bar Association. LawLabor Movement: The Supreme Court rules that a union boycott violates the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.PoliticsWilliam Howard Taft (1857-1930) is elected the 27th President of the United States, and James S. Sherman (1855-1912) is elected as the nation's 27th Vice President.GovernmentThe Federal Bureau of Investigation is founded as a division of the Department of Justice; it is referred to as Office of the Chief Examiner and becomes the FBI in 1935. GovernmentStamps: First U.S. coil stamps (stamps sold in a roll only one stamp wide) are distributed.WarCrete revolts against Turkey and aligns with Greece. | ScienceThe U.S. astronomer George Ellery Hale (1868-1938) installs a 60-inch reflector telescope, then the largest in the world, at Mount Wilson, California. MedicineThe tuberculin test, a skin test for tuberculosis based on immune reactions, is introduced for the first time.MedicineVictor Horsley (1857- 1916) and R. H. Clarke invents the stereotactic method in neurosurgery.InventionsHydrofoil boats are co-invented by Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) & Casey Baldwin. InventionsElectrification: William J. Bailley of the Carnegie Steel Company invents a solar collector with copper coils and an insulated box.InventionsThe Geiger counter is invented.TechnologyAirplanes: Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville (1871-1948) Wright patent their flying machine.TechnologyHenry Ford (1863-1947) improves the assembly line for automobile manufacturing. | EducationLibraries: Louisville's Western Colored Branch Library relocates to a new building paid for by Carnegie.Arts and LettersThe Oskar Strauss operetta, “The Chocolate Soldier,” is performed in Vienna. | Coolidge, GraceCalvin Coolidge, Jr.(1908-1924), son of Grace (1879-1957) and Calvin (1872-1933) Coolidge, is born. | EconomicsHenry Ford (1863-1947) develops the first Model T automobile, which sells for $850.EconomicsThe first large deposit of petroleum is discovered in Persia, marking the beginning of the Middle East oil boom.DiscoveryMembers of Ernest Shackleton’s (1874-1922) expedition climb the 13,280-foot Mt. Erebus in Antarctica.Daily LifeThe Singer Building in New York, designed by Ernest Flagg (1857-1947), becomes the tallest building in the world. Daily LifeRobert Baden-Powell (1857-1941) founds the Boy Scouts in England.Daily LifeA huge explosion rocks eastern Siberia. Believed to be an exploding meteorite, the resulting earth tremor is felt as far away as central Europe. | Sports Boxing: American Jack Johnson (1878-1946) becomes the first black boxer to win the world heavyweight title when he defeats Canadian Tommy Burns (1881-1955) in Sydney.Sports Baseball: The Mills Commission, a “blue-ribbon panel” appointed by A.G. Spalding, concludes that baseball was invented by Gen. Abner Doubleday, in Cooperstown, NY, in 1839—declaring it a purely American sport.Sports Black Athletes: Jack Johnson (1878–1946) is the heavyweight boxing champion. Sports Black Athletes: Olympic gold medalist (summer games): John Baxter "Doc" Taylor wins a gold medal as part of the 4 x 400 m relay team. Popular CultureThe ball representing the new year is dropped for the first time at Times Square in New York City. | ReligionNewspapers: "The Christian Science Monitor" is founded by Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910).Social IssuesItems coming soon.ReformLabor Movement: Women''s Rights Movement: Muller v. State of Oregon, 208 U.S. 412 (1908): The U.S. Supreme Court upholds Oregon’s 10-hour workday for women. The win is a two-edged sword: the protective legislation implies that women are physically weak. |
1909 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution, giving Congress the power to tax personal income, is passed by Congress.PoliticsWomen's Suffrage Movement: A mob of 100,000 suffragists storms Britain’s Parliament.GovernmentWilliam Howard Taft (1857-1930) is inaugurated as the 27th President of the United States, and James S. Sherman (1855-1912) is inaugurated as the nation's 27th Vice President.
GovernmentCongress passes the United States Copyright Law. GovernmentNational Capitol: The West Wing is doubled in size and includes the first presidential Oval Office centered on the south facade. WarU.S. military forces leave Cuba for the second time. | ScienceRussian-American chemist Phoebus Aaron Theodor Levene (1869-1940) discovers that the sugar ribose is found in some nucleic acids, those that we now call ribonucleic acids (RNA).MedicineCharles-Jules-Henri Nicolle (1884-1936) discovers that typhus fever is transmitted by the body louse.TechnologyAirplanes: Louis Bleriot (1872-1936) makes the first crossing of the English Channel by air, flying his monoplane from Les Baraques, near Calais, to Dover, in 37 minutes. TechnologyAirplanes: The first 100-mile flight is completed by Henri Farman (1874-1958).TechnologyBattery Technology: Later battery manufacturing produces smaller, lighter batteries, and the application of the tungsten filament creates the impetus to develop batteries for use in torches. | EducationPublic Education: Indianola Junior High School in Columbus, Ohio, becomes the first junior high school in the United States.EducationEducation of Women: Women are admitted to German universities.Arts and LettersOpera: “The Blue Bird,” by Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949) is written.Arts and LettersGustav Mahler (1861-1911) composes his "Symphony No. 9."IdeasEmilio Marinetti (1876-1944), an Italian poet, publishes his manifesto of futurism. IdeasThe first kibbutz is founded in Jordan Valley, Palestine.IdeasWilliam James (1842-1910) writes “The Pluralistic Universe.”IdeasSigmund Freud (1856-1939) lectures in the U.S. on psychoanalysis. | Taft, HelenHelen Taft (1881-1943) becomes the first First Lady to ride to the inauguration with her husband.Taylor, MargaretMary Elizabeth Taylor Bliss Dandridge (1824-1909), daughter of Zachary and Margaret Taylor, dies July 26. | EconomicsStandard Oil’s John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937), scion of the Rockefeller family, becomes the world’s first billionaire. Rockefeller’s fortunes were accumulated in the oil industry.EconomicsThe first instant coffee is marketed to the world by English chemist George Constant Washington.DiscoveryExplorers Robert Peary (1856-1920) and Matthew Henson (1886-1955) become the first to reach the North Pole.DiscoveryBritish explorer Ernest Shackleton (1874-1922) finds the magnetic South Pole.Daily LifeGirl Guides are established in Britain.Daily LifeThe first permanent waves are given in London.Daily LifeThe Metropolitan Life Tower in New York, designed by Pierre L. Lebrun (1846-1924), is completed and becomes the world’s tallest building. Daily LifeThe SOS distress signal is used for the first time by the Cunard liner SS Slavonia, wrecked off the Azores. | Sports Baseball: Honus Wagner (1874-1955) orders the American Tobacco Company to take his picture off its "Sweet Caporal" cigarette packs, fearing they would lead children to smoke. The shortage makes the Honus Wagner card the most valuable of all time, worth close to $500. Sports Women in Sports: On Jan. 11, a dozen woman-driven cars left New York in a long distance race for Philadelphia. Mrs. J. Newton Cuneo won in a Lancia, followed by 8 eight other cars. Four cars didn't make it past Burlington, NJ, in a series of mishaps. Popular CultureThe first newsreels are shown in the U.S. | Religion15th century French heroine Joan of Arc (1412-1431) is beatified at a ceremony at the Vatican. Social IssuesItems coming soon.ReformCivil Rights Movement: The National Negro Committee is organized in New York to benefit African Americans. W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963) is selected to lead the organization. |
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1910 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawChief Justices: President William H. Taft (1857-1930) nominates Edward Douglass White (1845-1921) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He is the first Chief Justice to be appointed from the ranks of the Associate Justices. He is confirmed by the Senate and serves for ten years, making his total tenure on the Court twenty-six years.PoliticsFor the first time since 1894 a Democratic majority is elected to Congress.GovernmentBritain establishes the Union of South Africa; it consists of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, the Orange Free State, and the Transvaal. It becomes a dominion within the British Empire. Louis Botha is chosen its first Prime Minister. GovernmentThe Mann Act, prohibiting transportation of women across states lines for immoral purposes, is passed.GovernmentCongress establishes a postal savings bank system. GovernmentIn New Mexico, a Constitution is drafted in preparation for statehood. WarThe U.S. sends military forces into Mexico because of a Mexican revolution, which changes the nature of Mexican-American relations. | ScienceHalley’s Comet makes its 75-year appearance.ScienceWilliam Ramsay (1852-1916) discovers the inert element radon. MedicineAn effective treatment for syphillis--a "magic bullet"--is introduced by Paul Erlich (1854-1915) and Sahachiro Hata (1873-1938); it heralds the beginning of modern chemotherapy.InventionsGeorges Claude (1870-1960), French chemist, invents the neon light. TechnologyElectric washing machines are introduced. TechnologyThe kinetophone is introduced by Thomas Edison (1837-1931); it makes talking pictures possible. | EducationPublic Education: The first junior high schools in the nation open in California.EducationThe Flexner Report is published, advocating major reform in medical education.EducationLibraries: A special reading room is established for unemployed immigrants at the Minneapolis Public Library.EducationOf people over 25 years old in the U.S., fewer than half have completed grade school and about 4% have graduated from college. Arts and LettersArchitecture: Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) becomes well known and influential in Europe for his domestic architecture.Arts and LettersOpera: “The Girl of the Golden West,” an opera by Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) is performed in New York.Arts and LettersDance: “The Firebird,” a ballet by Igor Stravinski (1882-1971) is performed in Paris.Arts and Letters“Naughty Marietta,” an operetta by Victor Herbert (1859-1924) is first performed in New York.Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: The Community Theatre Movement begins. These theatres aspired "to produce significant thought-provoking plays and to involve the maximum number of participants from the communities they serve.” IdeasBritish author, Sir Edward Durning-Lawrence suggests that Shakespeare's works contain many of Francis Bacon's ideas. | Taft, HelenWilliam Howard Taft (1857-1930) is the first President to pitch a ball to open baseball season. He starts the game between Washington and Philadelphia in the American League. Roosevelt, EleanorElliot Roosevelt (1910-1990), son of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, is born September 23. | EconomicsAmerican Money: The Department of the Treasury's Bureau of Engraving and Printing assumes all currency production functions, including engraving, printing, and processing. EconomicsThe Interstate Commerce Commission orders a reduction in Pullman car rates and in railroad freight rates. EconomicsBrazil produces nine-tenths of the world’s rubber and three-fourths of the world’s coffee. DiscoverySir Arthur Evans (1851-1941) finishes the excavation of Knossos in Crete.Daily LifeThe “week-end” becomes popular in the United States.Daily LifeHolidays: Father’s Day is first celebrated in Spokane, Washington.Daily LifeThe Boy Scouts of America and the Camp Fire Girls are established. Daily LifeNewspapers: By this time, all the essential features of the recognizably modern newspaper have emerged. In our time, radio and television have gradually supplanted newspapers as the nation's primary information sources. As a result, though initially difficult to appreciate, it is important to recognize the role that newspapers have played in our nation’s history. | Sports Women in Sports: Australia's Annette Kellerman is arrested for swimming in Boston Harbor in an "indecent" one-piece swimsuit for exposing her legs. Sports Baseball: William Howard Taft becomes the first U.S. President to throw out the first pitch on opening day.Sports Barney Oldfield (1878-1946) drives a Benz at 133 m.p.h. at Daytona Beach, Florida.Popular CultureLee DeForest (1873-1961) produces a radio program from the Metropolitan Opera House in New York starring singer Enrico Caruso (1873-1921). | ReligionThe Dalai Lama flees Tibet as the Chinese invade Lhasa.Social IssuesSlavery: China abolishes slavery.Social IssuesImmigration: Criminals, anarchists, paupers, and the sick are forbidden to immigrate to the U.S.ReformCivil Rights Movement: The National Negro Committee changes its name to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).ReformLabor Movement: Ironworkers Union members John McNamara and his brother James bomb the Los Angeles Times building; 20 workers die. |
1911 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Supreme Court, under the Sherman Antitrust Act, orders the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company. PoliticsRobert M. La Follette (1855-1925), Senator from Wisconsin, helps found the National Progressive Republican League, which seeks adoption of direct primaries, direct elections of senators, and state constitutional reform. GovernmentU.S. abrogates (cancels) the treaty of 1832 with Russia. This treaty allows Russia to exclude Jewish-American citizens. GovernmentThe Hamburg speech of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941) asserts Germany’s “Place in the Sun.”WarU.S. troops are sent to Mexican border protect U.S. citizens and property; fighting during the Mexican Revolution occurs so close to the U.S. – Mexican border that U.S. citizens gather to watch. | ScienceMarie Curie (1867-1934) wins the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.MedicineWalter B. Cannon (1871-1945), the first physician to use x-rays to study physiology, publishes "The Mechanical Factors of Digestion." InventionsCharles F. Kettering (1876-1958) develops the first practical electric self-starter for automobiles.InventionsWillis Carrier (1876-1950) invents the air conditioner. InventionsGlenn H. Curtiss (1878-1930), N.Y. aviator, invents the hydroplane. TechnologyAirplanes: Claudius Dornier (1884-1969), German aircraft builder, constructs the first all-metal aircraft. | EducationCarnegie (1888-1955) establishes the Carnegie Corporation of New York with an endowment of $125 million to support educational projects. EducationLibraries: The NYPL Humanities and Social Sciences Library opens.EducationChildren''s Books: Frances Hodgson Burnett (1849-1924), writes "The Secret Garden."Arts and LettersLiterature: Edith Wharton (1862-1937) writes “Ethan Frome”.Arts and LettersLeonardo da Vinci’s (1452-1519) “Mona Lisa” is stolen from the Louvre, it is found in Italy in 1913.Arts and LettersOpera: “Der Rosenkavalier,” an opera by Richard Strauss (1864-1949), is performed in Dresden.Arts and LettersArchitecture: Architects design the Culberton House in Pasadena, which popularizes the mission revival style in California. IdeasFrederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) publishes "Principles of Scientific Management." IdeasFranz Boas (1858-1942) publishes "The Mind of Primitive Man."
| Taft, HelenThe Public Library Building at 5th Avenue in New York City is dedicated by President Taft. | EconomicsRailroad History: The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad begins its first extra-fare, named passenger train, the "Santa Fe Deluxe" that runs between Chicago and Los Angeles.DiscoveryExplorer Roald Amundsen (1872- 1928) reaches the south pole.Daily LifeTransportation: The first flight from Munich to Berlin reaches a record height of 12,800 ft.Daily LifeNewspapers: On behalf of journalists, Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911) calls for the establishment of the now coveted Pulitzer Prize. | Sports Golf: At the age of 9, American golfer, Robert T. (Bobby) Jones (1902-1971), wins his first title, the Junior Championship of Atlanta. Popular CultureIrving Berlin (1888-1989) composes “Alexander’s Ragtime Band”. | ReligionThe World Missionary Conference of Protestant Churches is held in Edinburgh, Scotland. This is the beginning of the modern ecumenical (universal Christian unity and church union) movement. Social IssuesAging population: the first old age home is opened in Prescott, Arizona.Social IssuesImmigration: The Dillingham Commission identifies Mexican laborers as the best solution to the Southwest labor shortage. Mexicans are exempted from immigrant “head taxes” set in 1903 and 1907. ReformLabor Movement: As a result of the fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist factory in New York City, which kills 146 workers, the International Ladies Garment Worker’s Union succeeds in improving working conditions and safety for its members. ReformChild Welfare Movement: Illinois passes the first state law to assist mothers with dependent children. |
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1912 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution, providing for the election of Senators by the people of a state rather than by the state legislature, is passed by Congress.PoliticsThird Parties: After failing to gain the nomination of his own party, former Republican President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) defects, forming the Progressive (or Bull-Moose) party. It is the first time in American history that a third-party candidate receives more votes (electoral and popular) than one of the major two parties. However, he splits the Republican vote, thereby enabling Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) to win.PoliticsWoodrow Wilson (1856-1924) is elected the 28th President of the United States, and Thomas Marshall (1854-1925) is elected the nation's 28th Vice President. PoliticsVladimir Lenin (1870-1924) establishes a connection with Stalin (1879-1953) and takes over editorship of “Pravada”.GovernmentAlaska becomes an organized U.S. territory.GovernmentThe U.S. Public Health Service is established. GovernmentLabor Movement: Congress authorizes an 8-hour day for all workers under federal contracts. GovernmentAmerican Flag: The Executive Order of President Taft dated June 24, 1912 establishes the proportions of the flag and provides for the arrangement of the stars in six horizontal rows of eight each and a single point of each star to be upward. GovernmentNew States: Arizona and New Mexico become the 47th and 48th states of the U.S. WarThe "U.S.S. Jupiter," America’s first shop propelled by electric motors, is launched. | ScienceCharles Thomson Rees Wilson’s (1869-1959) cloud-chamber photographs lead to the detection of protons and electrons.ScienceAlfred Sturtevant (1891-1970), Alabama biologist, determines that genes are lined up in a row on the chromosomes. ScienceHenry G. Mosely, English physicist. proposes the law which states that an atomic number is based on the number of protons in the nucleus. He sets 92 as the total number of elements. ScienceAlfred Wegener (1880-1930), German geologist, proposes that the modern continents were once part of a huge landmass that over time split apart. This theory is called continental drift. MedicinePolish chemist Kasimir Funk (1884-1967) coins the term “vitamine”.InventionsEdwin Bradenberger invents a process for manufacturing cellophane. InventionsGlenn H. Curtiss (1878-1930) invents a “flying boat” or seaplane. TechnologyWestern Union and Western Electric develop a multiplex telegraph that allows eight messages to be sent over one wire at the same time. | EducationThe Children’s Bureau is formed; it remains today as part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. EducationThe National Education Association creates a separate department for classroom teachers.EducationAmerican psychologists Henry Goddard, Lewis M. Terman, and others adapt Binet’s work to create the Intelligence Quotient, or IQ—calculated by dividing a person’s “mental age” by his chronological age.Arts and LettersDrama: John M. Synge (1871-1909) write his drama, “Playboy of the Western World”.Arts and LettersLeopold Stokowski (1882-1977) is named conductor of the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra.Arts and LettersRudolf Friml (1879-1972) composes “The Firefly,” an operetta performed in New York. to much acclaim. | Taft, HelenHelen Taft (11861-1943) plants the first cherry tree, a gift from Japan, in Washington, DC.Nixon, PatThelma Catherine (Pat) Ryan (1912-1993), wife of President Richard Nixon (1913-1994), is born on March 16, in a mining tent in Ely, Nevada. | EconomicsThe F.W. Woolworth (1852-1919) Company is founded.DiscoveryExplorer R.F. Scott (1868-1912) reaches the South Pole, only to discover Amundsen (1872-1928) had been there first. DiscoveryC. Dawson announces the discovery of remains of Piltdown man, believed to be 50,000 years old near Lewes, England. Daily LifeLondon has 400 cinemas; in the U.S. approximately 5,000,000 people visit cinemas daily. Daily LifeDisasters: The "RMS Titantic” sinks on her maiden voyage after colliding with and iceberg; 1,513 people drown.Daily LifeDancing: Ragtime introduces a series of “animal dances.” Among them are the fox trot, crab step, kangaroo dip, camel walk, turkey trot, and the bunny hug. Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: The first automobile driver is jailed for speeding. | Sports The first successful parachute jump occurs.Sports The International Lawn Tennis Federation is formed.Sports Jim Thorpe (1888-1953) is the outstanding sportsman at the Stockholm Olympic Games; when it is discovered that he played semi-professional baseball in 1911, his gold medals and trophies are taken from him and his records erased from the books.Sports Captain Albert Louis makes the first parachute jump in the U.S. from an airplane. Sports Women in Sports: Many young American college women take up the latest sports craze: wall scaling.Popular CultureJames Weldon Johnson (1871-1938), writer and poet of the "Harlem renaissance,” publishes the novel, "Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man." Popular CultureZane Grey (1872-1939) publishes his popular work, "Riders of the Purple Sage."Popular CultureRudolph Dirks (1877-1968) renames his comic strip “The Captain and the Kids.”Popular CultureAttendance at motion-picture theatres reaches 5 million daily. Popular CultureFrench photographer Charles Pathe (1863-1957) produces the first news film. Popular Culture"Life Magazine" lists the slang expressions of the year: flossy, beat it, peeved, sure, classy, it’s a cinch, what do you know about that, and fussed. | ReligionPope Pius X writes his Encyclical, “Singulari quadam,” in which he encourages Catholics to belong to trade unions, but only if they are entirely composed of Catholic workers.Social IssuesPoverty: Massachusetts passes first minimum wage law for women and children (invalidated by the Supreme Court in 1923).
Social IssuesImmigration: Illiterate immigrants are prohibited from entering the United States.ReformLabor Movement: New York passes 54-hour week labor law; Congress passes eight-hour day labor law for federal employees. ReformLabor Movement: Textile workers in Lawrence Massachusetts strike for more than two months when their wages are lowered following the new hours law. |
1913 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution, giving Congress the power to tax personal income, is ratified by two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution.Law 'The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution, providing for the election of Senators by the people of a state rather than by the state legislature, is ratified by two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution. PoliticsMahatma Gandhi (1869-1948), leader of Passive Resistance Movement, is arrested in South Africa after leading a march protesting unfair taxes.GovernmentWoodrow Wilson (1856-1924) is inaugurated as the 28th President of the United States, and Thomas Marshall (1854-1925) is inaugurated as the nation's 28th Vice President.
GovernmentThe domestic parcel post system begins. | ScienceH. Geiger introduces the first successful electrical device capable of counting individual alpha rays.ScienceNiels Bohr (1885-1962) formulates his theory of atomic structure.ScienceFrederick Soddy (1877-1956) coins the term “isotope”.ScienceThe composition of chlorophyll is discovered by Richard Willstatter ScienceVitamins A and B are isolated by biochemist, Elmer V. McCollum, at Yale University. ScienceRene Lorin (1877-1933) states the basic ideas of jet propulsion.ScienceSturtevant develops a method of mapping chromosomes. MedicineA diphtheria immunity test is developed by Bela Schick (1877-1967).MedicineFrank Mallory (1862-1941) isolates the bacterium that causes whooping cough. InventionsWilliam D. Coolidge (1873-1975), Massachusetts physicists, invents a hot-filament cathode tube that produces x-rays. TechnologyAirplanes: Igor Sikorski (1889-1972), Russian-American engineer, builds and flies the first multi-engine plane. | EducationJohn D. Rockefeller (1839-1937) founds the Rockefeller Institute with initial grant of $100 million.Arts and LettersLiterature: Willa Cather (1873-1947) writes “O Pioneers!”. Arts and LettersLiterature: D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930) writes “Sons and Lovers”.Arts and LettersDrama: “Pygmalion,” by George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) is first performed in Vienna.Arts and LettersThe “Armory Show” introduces Postimpressionism and cubism to New York.Arts and LettersPainting: J.S. Sargent (1856-1925) paints “Portrait of Henry James”.Arts and LettersBruno Walter becomes director at the Munich Opera (-1922).Arts and LettersVictor Herbert (1859-1924) opens his operetta, “Sweethearts,” in New York.IdeasEdmund Husserl (1859-1938) publishes “Phenomenology.”IdeasSigmund Freud (1856-1939) writes “Totem and Taboo.” | Wilson, EllenJesse Wilson (1887-1933), daughter of Ellen and Woodrow Wilson, marries Francis Bowes Sayre in the White House in November. | EconomicsAmerican Money: After 1893 and 1907 financial panics, the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 is passed. EconomicsBecause of assembly line technology, Ford is able to produce 1000 Model T’s per day. Ford pays workers an unheard of minimum wage of $5 per day and establishes a 40-hour workweek. EconomicsPresident Wilson signs the Federal Reserve Act, which divides the country into 12 districts, each with a federal reserve bank. Daily LifeFashion: Zippers (in use since 1891) become popular.Daily LifeDancing: The foxtrot comes into fashion.Daily LifeDisasters: The Dayton flood in the Miami Valley (Ohio) kills more than 400 people; property damage is $100 million. Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Former Olympian (Gold, Pole Vault, 1908) and medical doctor A.C. Gilbert invents the Erector Set.Daily LifeNewspapers: The first crossword puzzle published in American newspapers was one composed by Arthur Wynne for the "New York World" on December 1, 1913. | Sports The U.S. team wins the Davis Cup tennis trophy 3-2.Sports Baseball: Walter Johnson (1887-1946) pitches 56 consecutive innings, allowing no runs, and sets a record for the baseball season. Sports Football: In the first Army-Notre Dame football game, little known Notre Dame defeats Army by using the forward pass. This victory helps popularize the game by showing that a small and clever team can defeat a large and powerful one. Popular CultureHollywood becomes the center of the Motion Picture industry, replacing New York City.Popular CultureMack Sennett (1880-1960) begins directing the Keystone comedies, which introduce classic slapstick humor to the U.S. cinema. Popular CultureEleanor H. Porter (1868-1920) publishes “Pollyanna.”Popular CultureJack Judge, an Englishman and music-hall comedian, writes the song “Tipperary”.Popular CultureIrene (1893-1969) and Vernon (1887-1918) Castle, dancers, make their debut in New York in “The Sunshine Girl”. | ReligionAlsatian doctor and missionary Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) opens a hospital in Lambarene, part of the French Congo. Social IssuesImmigration: California’s Alien Land Law rules that aliens “ineligible to citizenship” were ineligible to own agricultural property. ReformWomen’s Suffrage Movement: Suffragette demonstrations in London; Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) is sentenced for inciting persons to place explosives in Lloyd George’s house.ReformLabor Movement: 150,000 garment workers strike in New York City. The Strike ends 3 months later and workers win wage concessions, reduced hours, and recognition of their union. |
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1914 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsMahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) returns to India after 21 years in South Africa and begins a non-violent campaign against British rule.GovernmentPresident Wilson (1856-1924) signs an order establishing a permanent civil government in the Panama Canal Zone. GovernmentThe U.S. Federal Trade Commission is established to police business practices in interstate commerce.GovernmentLabor Movement: The Clayton Antitrust Act strengthens the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. It seeks to restrict the use of court injunctions in labor disputes and exempts labor and farm organizations from antitrust laws. WarAfter the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand (1863-1914 ), heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife, World War I breaks out in Europe.
WarThe city of Vera Cruz in Mexico is seized by the U.S. Marines. | ScienceAmerican, Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945), begins his rocketry experiments.MedicineAmerican, E.C. Kendall (1886-1972) prepares pure thyroxin for treatment of thyroid deficiencies.MedicineDr. Alexis Carrel (1873-1944) performs first successful heart surgery on a dog.InventionsEdwin H. Armstrong (1890-1954), N.Y. electrical engineer, patents the regenerative (feedback) circuit. InventionsCharles Lawrence, aeronautical engineer, develops the first successful air-cooled airplane engine. This makes long distance flights possible. TechnologyThe 35 mm camera is developed. | EducationA document called "Infant Care" is published by the U.S. Government; it is intended to provide mothers with practical information on child health and nutrition, and emphasizes the importance of strict routines and rules.Arts and LettersLiterature: James Joyce ( 1882-1941) writes “Dubliners”.Arts and LettersPoetry: Joyce Kilmer (1886-1918) writes “Trees”.Arts and LettersDrama: Elmer Rice ( 1892-1967) writes “On Trial,” the first drama to use the device of a flashback.Arts and LettersNational Capital: Henry Bacon ( 1839-1912) designs the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C.Arts and LettersWomen’s Firsts: Mary Davenport-Engberg (1881-1951) is the first woman to conduct a symphony orchestra, in Bellingham, Washington.IdeasJohn B. Watson (1878-1958) publishes "Behavior; an Introduction to Comparative Psychology.” | Wilson, EllenEllen Axson Wilson (1860-1914), first wife of President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) dies on august 6th of Bright''s disease in the White House.Roosevelt, EleanorFranklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. (1914-1988), son of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, is born August 17. | EconomicsThe Panama Canal is completed. It is 40 miles long from Atlantic to Pacific coasts and cost an estimated $365 million to complete. EconomicsThe world’s first airline, St. Petersburg Tampa Airboat Line, starts operation in St. Petersburg, Florida. DiscoveryErnest Shackleton (1874-1922) begins a trans-Anarctic expedition with his ship, "Endurance."Daily LifeThe last known passenger pigeon dies in the Cincinnati Zoo. Daily LifeDancing: The Cotillion, once the most fashionable dance of society, takes second place to the waltz and the two-step.Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Charles Pajeau develops a toy similar to the Erector Set, but designed for younger children, called Tinker Toys. | Sports Women in Sports: The American Olympic Committee formally opposes women's athletic competition in the Olympics. The only exception is the floor exercise, where women are allowed to only wear long skirts. Sports Women in Sports: Basketball: Basketball rules change to allow half-court play, expanded from the original one-third court rules. Full court play for women doesn''t come in until the 1970''s.Sports Boxing: Jack Dempsey (1895- 1983) starts fighting under the name “Kid Blackey.”Sports Golf: Walter Hagen (1892-1969) wins the U.S. Golf Association Open. Popular CultureWilliam Christopher Handy (1873-1958) composes “St. Louis Blues.”Popular CultureE.R. Burroughs ( 1875-1950) writes “Tarzan of the Apes”. | ReligionThe Assembly of God denomination is founded during an 11-day convention in Hot Springs, Arkansas.Social IssuesImmigration: World War I in Europe breeds strong anti-immigration feelings in the United States.Social IssuesImmigration: Almost 10.5 million immigrants enter the U.S. from southern and eastern Europe from 1905 until 1914.ReformLabor Movement: The Ford Motor Company begins paying its workers a basic wage of $5.00 for an 8-hour day, up from $2.40 for a 9-hour day.ReformLabor Movement: The American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) founded. |
1915 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
WarThe U. S. Coast Guard is created by an act of Congress.WarTerrorism: Erich Muenter, German instructor at Cornell University, plants bomb that destroys U.S. Senate reception room (July 2), then shoots J. Pierpont Morgan, Jr. (July 3); commits suicide (July 6). WarWorld War I: German airship bombs E. Anglian ports; first German submarine attack, Le Havre; German blockade of England begins; Germans sink “Lusitania”; first Zeppelin attack on London. 6(1-12)WarU.S. states that loss of U.S. ships and lives is a violation of neutrality for which Germany is held responsible, but President Wilson acceeds to the isolationist spirit in the U.S. by refusing to enter the war in Europe. | ScienceAlbert Einstein (1879-1955) postulates his General Theory of Relativity.ScienceHermann Muller, geneticist, publishes "The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity," a classic in genetics.MedicineJoseph Goldberger (1874-1929) discovers that pellagra is caused by a vitamin deficiency. MedicineBritish chemist James Kendall isolates dysentery bacillus.InventionsThe electric neon sign is patented in the United States by Georges Claude (1870-1960) of Paris, France.TechnologyAirplanes: Hugo Junkers (1859-1935) constructs the first fighter airplane.TechnologyHenry Ford (1863-1947) develops a farm tractor.TechnologyThe first transcontinental telephone call is made between Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) in New York and Dr. Thomas A. Watson in San Francisco. | EducationThe multiple choice test is invented.
EducationAlabama, Florida, South Carolina, and Texas adopt similar compulsory school attendance laws. Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: The Theatre Guild is formed. It is designed as a professional theatre for quality production and introduction of European stagecraft and dramatic styles. This company eventually builds its own playhouse and has a touring production through 1960. Arts and LettersLiterature: Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) writes “Victory.”Arts and LettersLiterature: W. Somerset Maugham ( 1874-1965) writes “Of Human Bondage.”Arts and LettersLiterature: Edgar Lee Masters (1869-1950)writes “A Spoon River Anthology.”IdeasIn “Climate and Evolution,” William Mathew suggests that animals once moved from continent to continent via natural land bridges. | Wilson, EdithPresident Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) marries Mrs. Edith Galt (1872-1961). | EconomicsFord produces its one millionth car.EconomicsThe taxi industry emerges when automobile owners discover that people will pay for a short automobile ride. Fare is a “jitney” (a nickel); drivers are called “hackers” or “hackies” in the East and “cabbies” in the Midwest. EconomicsWilliam Fox (1879-1952) founds the Fox Film CompanyDiscoveryBritish archaeologist Aurel Stein (1862-1943) on an expedition to South Mongolia discovers Marco Polo’s “city of Etzina.”Daily LifeThe first Kiwanis Club is founded in Detroit.Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Johnny Gruelle, a newspaper cartoonist, begins to sell Raggedy Ann dolls based on one he had made for his daughter, Marcella. | Sports Automobile speed record of 102.6 mph set at Sheepshead Bay, N.Y., by Gil Anderson driving a Stutz.Sports Boxing: Jesse Willard takes the heavyweight boxing championship from Jack Johnson in a 23-round fight at Havana, Cuba. Popular CultureIvor Novello (1893-1951), a Welsh composer, writes “Keep the Home Fires Burning,” a popular patriotic war song.Popular CultureFilms: “Birth of a Nation” (D.W. Griffith (1875-1948)); “Carmen” Cecil B. De Mille (1881-1959); “The Lamb” (Douglas Fairbanks (1883-1939); “The Fire” (Italy). | ReligionYeshiva College (later University) and its Rabbi Issac Elchanan Rabbinical Seminary is established in New York for training in a Modern Orthodox milieu.Social IssuesImmigration: President Wilson vetoes U.S. Senate bill requiring literacy tests for all immigrants. Social IssuesImmigration: The Supreme Court rules in Ozawa v. United States that first-generation Japanese are ineligible for citizenship and cannot apply for naturalization. ReformWomen''s Suffrage Movement: The U.S. House of Representatives rejects a proposal to give women the right to vote. ReformBirth Control Movement: Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) publishes "Family Limitation" and is jailed for supporting birth control. |
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1916 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawLouis Brandeis (1856-1941) is named to U.S. Supreme Court by President Wilson (1856-1924). He is the first Jewish Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. PoliticsWoodrow Wilson (1856-1924) is re-elected President of U.S., barely defeating Charles Evans Hughes (1862-1948); Thomas R. Marshall (1854-1925) is also re-elected.PoliticsWomen’s Firsts: Jeannette Rankin (1880-1973), of Montana, is the first woman to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. PoliticsCharles Evans Hughes (1862-1948) leaves the Supreme Court to run for President on the Republican ticket.GovernmentThe National Park Service is established under U.S. department of the Interior.GovernmentThe Jones Act restates U.S. intention to grant independence to the Philippine Islands when a stable government is formed. WarWorld War I: First Zeppelin raid on Paris; Germans introduce steel helmets; military tanks are used for the first time in Europe.WarFrancisco “Pancho” Villa (1878-1923), Mexican revolutionary general, crosses border with guerrillas and raids Columbus, New Mexico, killing 17. WarBrig.-Gen. John J. Pershing (1860-1948) pursues Villa with 6,000 troops but cannot find him; withdraws (1917) after differences are settled by arbitration. | ScienceEinstein (1879-1955) proposes a general theory of relativity to explain all laws of physics in terms of mathematical equations. ScienceNational Research Council is established by the National Academy of Sciences. MedicineBlood for transfusions is refrigerated.MedicineTreatment of war causalities leads to the development of plastic surgeries. Medicine“Heparin,” a natural anticoagulant produced by the liver is discovered. MedicineEpidemics: America's worst polio epidemic occurs, killing over 7,000 and infecting more than 27,000 people.InventionsGeneral John Thompson (1860-1940) invents the submachine gun, popularly called the “Tommy Gun.”TechnologyElectric clocks are introduced. | EducationJohn Dewey (1859-1952) publishes “Democracy and Education.”EducationPsychologist John Watson proposes that learning is actually a series of conditioned responses. EducationLibraries: The first presidential library, the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center Library, opens in Fremont, Ohio.Arts and LettersLiterature: James Joyce (1882-1941) writes “Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man”.Arts and LettersArchitecture: Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) designs the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo IdeasVilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) writes “Mind and Society.” | Roosevelt, EleanorJohn Aspinwall Roosevelt (1916-1981), son of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, is born March 13. | EconomicsU.S. purchases Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands) for $25 million.EconomicsThe Keating-Owen Act is passed, forbidding the transportation among states of products of factories, shops or canneries employing children under 14 years of age, of mines employing children under 16 years of age, and the products of any of these employing children under 16 who worked at night or more than eight hours a day.DiscoverySpace Exploration: I. P. Grave from Russia''s Artillery Academy submits a proposal for rockets burning smokeless gun powder.Daily Life“Summertime” (daylight-saving time) introduced in Britain.Daily LifeMagazines: The “Saturday Evening Post” uses its first Norman Rockwell painting as its cover.Daily LifeThe History of Toys: John Lloyd Wright, the son of architect Frank Lloyd Wright invents Lincoln Logs, interlocking toy logs children use to build imaginative structures. | Sports Women in Sports: 100 women compete in the first "Championship of the World" bowling tournament on Nov. 26-19 in St. Louis. The total purse was $222. The Women's National Bowling Association is organized as a result of the success of the tournament.Sports Black Athletes: Fritz Pollard (1894-1986) is the first black All-America RB (1916 at Brown); 1st black to play in Rose Bowl; 7-year NFL pro (1920-26); first black NFL coach, at Milwaukee and Hammond, Ind.Sports Women in Sports: Women’s International Bowling Congress established in America.Sports Golf: Bobby Jones (1902-1971) makes his debut in U.S. golf.Sports Golf: The Professional Golf Association (PGA) is formed.Popular CultureJazz sweeps U.S. | ReligionMartin Buber (1878-1965) writes “The Spirit of Judaism.”ReformAnti-Child Labor Movement: Child labor laws in South Carolina raise the minimum age of children for work in the mills, factories, and mines from 12-14. ReformLabor Movement: A law establishing eight-hour work day for railroad prevents a nation-wide strike.ReformBirth Control Movement: Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) joins in opening first birth control clinic.ReformTemperance Movement: Prohibition gains ground as 24 states vote against alcoholic beverages. |
1917 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawProhibition: The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors, is passed by Congress.GovernmentThe U.S. Congress passes the Jones-Shafroth Act, making Puerto Rico a territory of the United States and its inhabitants U.S. citizens. GovernmentLiteracy requirements for U.S. citizenship are passed over Wilson’s (1856-1924) veto.GovernmentWoodrow Wilson (1856-1924) is inaugurated again as President of U.S., as is Thomas R. Marshall (1854-1925) as Vice President.
GovernmentThe U.S. Senate rejects President Wilson’s suffrage bill.WarWorld War I: First U.S. division arrives in France; October Revolution in Petrograd November 7 (old style calendar October 26).WarWorld War I: The Allies execute dancer Mata Hari (1876-1917) as a Spy.WarWorld War I: President Wilson (1856-1924) signs the declaration of war against the Axis powers on April 7; anti-German sentiment swells at home. The names of schools, foods, streets, towns, and even some families, are changed to sound less Germanic. | Science100-inch reflecting telescope installed at Mount Wilson, California.ScienceEinstein (1879-1955) proposes his theory of a static (unchanging) universe. MedicineVaccines: Ralph Parker develops a vaccine for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. MedicineJulius Wagner-Jauregg (1857-1940) discovers the malarial fever shock therapy for general paresis of the insane.TechnologyRadios are used for ground-to-air and air-to-air communication. | EducationPublic Education: Smith-Hughes Act passes, providing federal funding for vocational education. Big manufacturing corporations push this, because they want to remove job skill training from the apprenticeship programs of trade unions and bring it under their own control.Arts and LettersSarah Bernhardt (1844-1923), 72, begins last tour of America.Arts and LettersPainting: J.S. Sargent (1856-1925) paints “Portrait of John D. Rockefeller.”Arts and LettersChicago becomes the world’s jazz center.Arts and LettersSigmund Romberg (1887-1951) composes his operetta, “Maytime,” in New York.Arts and LettersPoetry: Millay (1892-1950) publishes "Renascence and Other poems." IdeasC.G. Jung (1875-1961) writes “Psychology of the Unconscious.”IdeasSigmund Freud (1856-1939) writes “Introduction to Psychoanalysis.” | Eisenhower, MamieDoud Dwight (Ikky) Eisenhower (1917-1921), son of Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower, is born September 24. | EconomicsCharlie Chaplin’s (1889-1977) yearly salary reaches one million dollars.EconomicsRailroad History: The first Diesel-electric locomotive in the U.S. was a prototype built by G.E. Number 4 had one model GM50 air injection two-stroke V8 rated at 225 HP @ 550 rpm powering one of two trucks. The cylinders had the same 8" x 10" dimensions as the GM16. It was never sold, serving only as a laboratory model at the Erie Works.EconomicsFord Motor Company begins producing trucks and tractors.Daily LifeFashion: Bobbed hair as a ladies hair fashion sweeps Britain and the U.S. | Sports Baseball: First baseball game played on Polo Grounds on a Sunday between New York Giants and Cincinnati Reds; the game results in the arrest of managers John McGraw (1873-1934) (Giants) and Christy Mathewson (1880-1925) (Reds) for violating New York blue law.Sports Women in Sports: Lucy Diggs Slowe wins the singles title at the first American Tennis Association (ATA) national tournament, becoming the first female African-American national champion in any sport.Popular CultureBooth Tarkington (1869-1946) reveals the joys of male adolescence in “Seventeen.”Popular CultureBuster Keaton (1895-1966), actor and director, establishes his comedy trademark of deadpan expressions in the film The Butcher Boy.Popular CultureGeorge M. Cohan (1878-1942) writes American war song “Over There.” | Social IssuesImmigration: The U.S. enters World War I and anti-German sentiment swells at home. The names of schools, foods, streets, towns, and even some families, are changed to sound less Germanic. ReformLabor Movement: I.W.W. demonstrations against war result in raids on their offices.ReformWomen''s Suffrage Movement: Four women are arrested for picketing for woman’s suffrage (the right to vote) in front of the White House; they are sentenced to 6 months in prison. |
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1918 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsIn the U.S. Congressional elections, Republicans win a majority of 43 seats.PoliticsT.G. Masaryk (1850-1937) is elected president of Czechoslovakia .PoliticsEugene V. Debs (1855-1926), American socialist and presidential candidate, is sentenced to 10 years in prison for violating espionage and sedition laws (sentence is commuted in 1921).GovernmentIceland becomes sovereign state.GovernmentSerbo-Croatian-Slovene Kingdom of Yugoslavia proclaimed.GovernmentStamps: U.S. Airmail stamps go on sale for 24 cents. The United States began airmail service on May 15, 1918. Special stamps were issued to indicate prepayment of mail carried on the first flights. The first route, flown by Army pilots in Army planes, linked Washington, DC and New York City via Philadelphia, PA. The rate was 24 cents an ounce. This rate included special delivery to the addressee.WarWorld War I: Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) propounds Fourteen Points for world peace; Germany offensive on Western front; Czechoslovakia proclaimed independent republic; Allies sign armistice with Austria-Hungary on November 3; Allied conference at Versailles agrees on peace terms for Germany; Armistice signed between Allies and Germany.WarRussian Revolution: Ex-Czar Nicholas II (1868-1918) and family executed.WarWorld War I: mobilized forces: 63 million; casualties: approx. 8.5 million killed, 21 million wounded, 7.5 million prisoners and missing. | ScienceNobel Prize for Physics: Max Planck (1858-1947), German physicist, for introducing quantum theory.ScienceHerbert M. Evans (1882-1971) determines that human beings have 48 chromosomes. MedicineEpidemics: An influenza epidemic, traveling west from Europe, begins in the eastern U.S. and spreads to 46 states. Before it ends in 1919, about 500,000 people die in the U.S. Throughout the world, 20 million people die and one billion are ill. InventionsAlexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) invents a hydrofoil boat that goes 60 mph during a test run. TechnologyThe Mount Wilson telescope is completed near Pasadena, California. | EducationHigher Educaton: A second Moscow University is founded (first university founded 1755).EducationMississippi passes school attendance laws for children between the ages of six and seventeen.Arts and LettersLiterature: Willa Cather (1873-1947) writes “My Antonia”.Arts and LettersEssay: H.L. Mencken (1880-1956): “In Defense of Women”.Arts and LettersPainting: Joan Miro (1893-1983) first exhibits his works.Arts and LettersThe New York Philharmonic Society bans composition by living German composers.Arts and LettersOpera: Paris Opera, despite daily bombardment, opens with Gounod’s (1818-1893) “Faust”.Arts and LettersMrs. Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge (1864-1953) gives the first of her music festivals in Pittsfield, Massachusetts (Tanglewood).Arts and LettersHenry Adams (1851-1921) writes “The Education of Henry Adams,” which later wins the Pulitzer Prize.IdeasCharles Horton Cooley (1864-1929), pioneer in the development of American sociology, publishes “Social Process.”IdeasOswald Spengler (1880-1936) writes “Untergang des Abendlandes” (“Decline of the West”) (-1922).IdeasThere is major controversy over the new psychology of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and C.G. Jung (1875-1961). | Ford, BettyElizabeth Anne ("Betty") Bloomer, wife of Gerald Ford, is born in Chicago on April 8. | EconomicsRailroad History: The first Diesel-electric locomotive to be built and sold commercially was Jay Street Connecting RR #4. G.E. slightly revised its standard steeple cab straight electric locomotive car body and installed a single GM50. EconomicsThe Pittman Act is passed, permitting the government to sell silver to Britain as a wartime measure.DiscoveryHarlow Shapley (1885-1972), American astronomer, discovers the true dimensions of the Milky Way.DiscoveryArchaeologists Hall and Leonard Woolley (1880-1960) begin excavations in ancient sites in Babylonia (present-day Iraq). Daily LifeRegular airmail established between New York City and Washington; first airmail postage.Daily LifeDaylight saving time introduced in America.Daily LifeCensus: Total population in the U.S.: 103.5 million.Daily LifeFirst Chicago-New York airmail delivered: flying time 10 hrs. 5 min. | Sports Football: Knute Rockne (1888-1931) is named head football coach at the University of Notre Dame.Sports Boxing: Jack Dempsey (1895-1983), American heavy-weight boxing champion, knocks out Carl Morris in 14 seconds. Sports Women in Sports: Eleanora Sears (a great-great-granddaughter of Thomas Jefferson, born in 1881) takes up squash, after excelling at polo (which she rode astride, shocking conventions of the day), baseball, golf, field hockey, auto racing, swimming, tennis, yachting and speedboat racing. She accumulated 240 trophies during her athletic career. She demonstrated that women could play men's games and was a prime liberator of women in sports.Popular CultureComposer George Gershwin (1898-1937) writes the song “Swanee” for the Broadway show Sinbad. | ReligionUnited Lutheran Church established (U.S.).Social IssuesCensorship: U.S. Post Office burns installments of James Joyce’s (1882-1941) “Ulysses,” published in the “Little Review”.ReformWomen's Suffrage Movement: Women over 30 get the right to vote in Britain.ReformBirth Control Movement: New York v. Sanger; Margaret Sanger wins her suit in New York to allow doctors to advise their married patients about birth control for health purposes. |
1919 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors, is ratified by two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution.LawWomen's Suffrage Movement: The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, giving women the right to vote, is passed by Congress.PoliticsBenito Mussolini (1883-1945) founds the political party, Fasci del Combattimento.PoliticsIn Paris, the League of Nations comes into being. The Hague is selected for the International Court of Justice.PoliticsThe Republican convention nominates Warren G. Harding (1865-1923) for the presidency with Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933) as his running mate.PoliticsThe Democratic convention nominates James M. Cox (1870-1957) for the presidency with Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) as his running mate.GovernmentWomen's Firsts: Lady Astor (1879-1964) becomes the first woman to be elected as a Member of Parliament in Britain. GovernmentCapital Punishment: Austria abolishes the death penalty.GovernmentPresident Woodrow Wilson presents his Fourteen Points for world peace to the American Congress; these Conditions of Peace are intended to
guarantee future cooperation among the nations of the world and contain the foundations for a world organization called the League of Nations.
GovernmentLeague of Nations: The plenary session of the Peace Conference accepts the proposals for the creation of a League of Nations; the U.S. Senate, however, votes against joining the League. WarWorld War I: The Treaty of Versailles is signed, officially ending World War I. Part 1, Articles 1 to 26 of this and other Peace Treaties contain the Covenant of the League of Nations. | ScienceEnglish scientist F.W. Aston (1877-1945) builds mass-spectrograph and establishes the phenomena of isotopy.ScienceObservation of the total eclipse of the sun bear out Albert Einstein’s (1879-1955) theory of relativity.ScienceRobert H. Goddard (1882-1945), “Father of American Rocketry” writes “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes”.ScienceRutherford (1871-1937) demonstrates that the atom is not the final building-block of the universe.ScienceFirst experiments with shortwave radio (under 100 meters).ScienceIn collaboration with Massolle and Engl, Hans Vogt (1903-1986) experiments on a new sound film system.InventionsGlenn L. Martin (1886-1955) invents the Martin Bomber, a warplane. | EducationHigher Education: New universities are founded in Hamburg, Posen, Bratislava, and Cologne.EducationChildren's Books; Hugh Lofting (1886-1947): the first of the “Dr. Doolittle” stories.EducationHigher Education: A.D. Juilliard ( -1919)dies leaving 20 million dollars to endow Juilliard School of Music.Arts and LettersThe Los Angeles Symphony Orchestra gives its first concert.Arts and LettersLiterature: Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) writes “Main Street”.Arts and LettersDrama: Eugene O’Neill (1888-1953) writes “The Emperor Jones” and “Beyond the Horizon."Arts and LettersPoetry: Carl Sandburg (1878-1967) writes “Corn Huskers,” which wins the Pulitzer Prize.Arts and LettersBauhaus, founded and built by Walter Gropius (1883-1969) in Weimar, Germany, revolutionizes the teaching of painting, sculpture, architecture, and industrial arts.Arts and LettersJazz arrives in Europe.Arts and LettersLiterature: Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941) writes “Winesburg, Ohio,” a volume of interrelated short stories.IdeasJohan Huizinga (1872-1945) writes “The Waning of the Middle Ages.”IdeasC.G. Jung (1875-1961) writes “Psychological Types.” | Roosevelt, EdithFormer President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) dies in Oyster Bay, New York.Hoover, LouHerbert Hoover (1874-1964) is named Director-General of International Organization for European Relief. | EconomicsFord Motor Company: A conflict with stockholders over the millions to be spent building the giant Rouge manufacturing complex in Dearborn, Michigan leads to the company becoming wholly owned by Henry Ford and his son, Edsel, who then succeeds his father as president.EconomicsJ.M. Keynes (1883-1946) writes “The Economic Consequence of the Peace.”EconomicsThe Radio Corporation of America (RCA) is established. Daily LifeTransportation: J.W. Alcock and A. Whitten Brown (1886-1948) make first nonstop flight across the Atlantic from Newfoundland to Ireland in 16 hours 27 minutes.Daily LifeRailroad lines operated in America total 265,000 miles.Daily LifeThe American Legion is formed. | Sports Boxing: Jack Dempsey (1895-1983), U.S. heavyweight boxer, takes the world championship from Jess Willard.Sports Baseball: Babe Ruth (1895-1948) hits a 587 ft. home run in a Boston Red Sox versus. New York Giants game in Tampa, Florida.Sports Jim Thorpe (1888-1953), the great American all around athlete, finishes his 6-year major league baseball career with the Boston Braves; plays in 60 game; hits .327.Sports Horse Racing: Sir Barton is first horse to win triple crown: Kentucky Derby, Preakness, and Belmont Stakes; J. Loftus jockey in all three.Sports The development of a mechanical rabbit by Oliver Smith (1893-1977), of California, marks origin of modern greyhound racing.Sports Baseball: Black Sox Scandal: Eight players on the Chicago White Sox conspire with gamblers to throw the World Series. They are acquitted in a court of law—but they are banned from baseball forever. | ReligionKarl Barth (1886-1968): “Der Romerbrief” (“The Epistle to the Romans”), beginning of Protestant dialectical theology.ReligionChurch and State separated in Germany.ReligionJoan of Arc (1412-1431) canonized by Pope Benedict XV.ReformLabor Movement: Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933), governor of Massachusetts, calls out the National Guard to end Boston Police Strike. ReformLabor Movement: The great American steel strike occurs, lasting until January 1920.ReformLabor Movement: An International Labor Conference in Washington endorses eight-hour workday. |
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1920 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, giving women the right to vote, is ratified by two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution.LawA year after ratification, the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages, goes into effect.PoliticsThe German Worker’s Party is renamed the Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ or Nazi Party.PoliticsWarren G. Harding (1865-1923) is elected as the 29th President of the U.S., and Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933) is elected as the nation's 29th Vice President.GovernmentThe Senate rejects the Treaty of Versailles and the Covenant of the League of Nations for the second time.GovernmentThe League of Nations comes into existence with its headquarters in Geneva; the Versailles Peace Treaty and the Covenant of the League of Nations enter into force. GovernmentThe Water Power Act establishes the Federal Power Commission to regulate the generation of electricity from waterways on public lands and from navigational streams. GovernmentThe “Red Scare’ results in nationwide raids by federal agents, with mass arrests of “anarchists, Communists, and labor agitators. | ScienceWilliam D. Harkins (1873-1951) proposes the existence of an uncharged subatomic particle, which he calls the “neutron.”MedicineHarvey Cushing (1869-1939) pioneers new techniques in brain surgery.MedicineInsulin is isolated for the first time by Canadian Sir Frederick Banting (1891-1941) and Charles Best (1899-1978).InventionsNobel Prize for Physics goes to Charles Guillaume (1861-1938), a Swiss physicist, for the invention of Invar, an alloy of iron containing nickel. | Arts and LettersLiterature: F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940), an important novelist of the period, publishes his first novel entitled "This Side of Paradise." Arts and LettersLiterature: Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) publishes "Main Street," a novel that exposes the cultural vacuum of a small Midwestern town. IdeasIn "Easy Lessons in Einstein," Edwin E. Slosson explains the theory of relativity in a simple and clear manner. | | EconomicsThe Jones Act prohibits shipping merchandise between U.S. ports "in any other vessel than a vessel built in and documented under the laws of the United States and owned by persons who are citizens of the United States.''''EconomicsFord Motor Company: The Detroit-Toledo-Ironton (DTI) railroad proves to be a smart purchase for the Ford Motor Company (FMC). After purchasing the railway, FMC uses it for the next 8 years to control transport of materials and supplies to the massive Rouge plant in Dearborn, Michigan. | Sports Baseball: The Negro National League, the first financially successful all-black league, is founded by Hall-of-Famer Rube Foster.Sports Women in Sports: The skimpy fashions of the '20's put a new emphasis on athletic bodies and narrow the gap between health and glamour. Advertisers, like Grape-Nuts, say, "Grandmother went bathing - girls like Molly go in to swim."Sports Baseball: The Boston Red Sox sell Babe Ruth (1895-1948) to the New York Yankees.Sports William T. Tilden (1893-1953) wins Wimbledon Lawn Tennis; after this victory, he dominates world tennis until 1925. Popular CultureKDKA, America’s first commercial radio station, begins operation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania by broadcasting the results of the presidential election. | ReligionUse of religion in Turkey for political ends is made punishable by death. ReformWomen''s Suffrage Movement: Women get the right to vote when the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified. By this time, 15 states have women suffrage laws. |
1921 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawChief Justices: President Warren G. Harding (1865-1923) nominates William Howard Taft (1857-1930) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and the Senate confirms his appointment on the same day. Taft is the only person in history to have been both President and Chief Justice. LawLeague of Nations: The Permanent Court of International Justice comes into being. GovernmentWarren G. Harding (1865-1923) is inaugurated as the 29th President of the U.S., and Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933) is inaugurated as the nation's 29th Vice President.GovernmentImmigration: Congress passes the Quota Act, which limits immigration in the United States. GovernmentThe Department of Agriculture enforces regulations of the Packers and Stockyards Act to stop manipulation of prices in meat-packing industries. WarThe joint resolution of Congress declares that World War I has ended. Separate U.S. treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary are signed and ratified. | ScienceLangmuir (1881-1957) and Lewis (1875-1946) independently propose atomic theories. MedicineJames B. Collip (1892-1965) isolates pure insulin. MedicineEdward Mellanby (1884 - 1955) discovers vitamin D and shows that its absence causes rickets.InventionsPhysician Alvan L. Barach designs a vented oxygen tent. TechnologyJohn Couch Adams (1819-1892) uses a spectroscope to study and determine the distance of 2000 stars. | Arts and LettersPoetry: William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) publishes "Michael Robartes and the Dancer," a collection that includes his famous poem, Easter 1916. Arts and LettersWomen’s Firsts: Literature: American novelist Edith Wharton(1862-1937) becomes the first woman to win a Pulitzer Prize for fiction. She wins the award for her novel "The Age of Innocence."IdeasErnst Kretschmer (1888-1964) publishes "Physique and Character," in which he suggests that body build is closely related to mental state. | Eisenhower, MamieDoud Dwight (Ikky) Eisenhower (1917-1921), son of Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower dies January 2 from scarlet fever.Reagan, NancyAnne Frances “Nancy” Robbins is born on July 6, 1921 at Sloane Hospital, Flushing, Queens, New York. She is the ninth of ten First Ladies born in New York, the “mother state” of presidential wives. | EconomicsThe end of the wartime boom causes business depression and high unemployment. The National Conference proposes a job program.EconomicsUnemployment throughout the U.S. is 5.7 million. Widespread wage cuts in many industries include those of New York Central railroad employees (by 22.5%) and clothing workers (by 15%). Daily LifeIowa imposes the first state tax on cigarettes.Daily LifeMagazines: Publisher DeWitt Wallace (1889-1981) founds the Reader’s Digest. Daily LifeKnee-length skirts for women become the fashion, causing much comment in the press. | Sports Baseball: Station KDKA in Pittsburgh broadcasts radio’s first live major league game. (Fewer than 10 percent of Americans own a radio.)Sports Women in Sports: The National Women's Athletic Association is organized. | Social IssuesImmigration: California’s Supreme Court declares the state’s Alien Poll Tax unconstitutional and a violation of the treaty between the U.S. and Japan.Social IssuesHate Groups: The Ku Klux Klan promotes “white supremacy” and seeks to control politics in many southern communities. ReformBirth Control Movement: National Birth Control League and Voluntary Parenthood League are combined to form the American Birth Control League in New York City; Margaret Sanger heads the league. |
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1922 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Supreme Court declares that the Federal Child Labor Law is unconstitutional. PoliticsWomen's Firsts: Soledad Chacon is elected Secretary State of New Mexico, the first woman elected to that position.GovernmentWomen’s Firsts: Rebecca Felton (1835 – 1930), of Georgia, is appointed to the U.S. Senate to fill a temporary vacancy. The first woman senator, she serves for only two days.GovernmentLeague of Nations: The first meeting of the Permanent Court of International Justice occurs. GovernmentU.S. and Japan sign Yap Treaty, permitting U.S. cable and radio stations in the Yap Islands.GovernmentMahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) is arrested by the British in India for inciting his countrymen to violence in their fight for independence.WarU.S. Open Doors Policy is implemented in China. Nine major powers also sign treaties limiting warships, restricting the use of submarines, and outlawing poisonous gas. | ScienceAlfred C. Lane begins experiments to determine the age of the earth.MedicineElmer McCollum (1879-1967) discovers vitamin D in cod liver oil. He uses the oil in the successful treatment of rickets. InventionsBritish watchmaker John Howard invents the self-winding watch. TechnologyShip to shore radio communication begins. | Arts and LettersPoetry: James Joyce (1882-1941) publishes "Ulysses."Arts and LettersLiterature: F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) publishes "The Beautiful and the Damned." IdeasHerman Julius Oberth (1894-1989) writes "The Rocket into Interdisciplinary Space," in which the concept of escape velocity is introduced. | Eisenhower, MamieJohn Sheldon Doud Eisenhower (1922-), son of Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower, is born August 3. | Daily LifeLt. Harold Harris becomes the first member of the Caterpillar Club by parachuting from a defective plane during a flight test in Dayton, Ohio. The club is made up of individuals who have escaped death by using a parachute.Daily LifeMarriages in the U.S. total 1,126,000 and divorces total 148,000. | Sports Golf: The oldest American international team golf match takes place between the U.S. and Great Britain. It is established at the National Golf Links of America, Southampton, NY. Sports Women in Sports: The National Amateur and Athletic Federation (NAAF) is founded, committed to boys and girls being on an "equal footing with the same standards, the same program and the same regulations." | Social IssuesRacism: Oklahoma is placed under marshal law to control violence and curb Ku Klux Klan activity. ReformBirth Control Movement: Dr. Marie Stopes (1880-1958) holds a series of meetings in Queen’s Hall, London to advocate birth control. |
1923 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentIntermediate Credits Act expands credit to farmers and encourages farm cooperatives in an effort to ease agricultural depression. GovernmentVice President Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933)becomes the nation's 30th President on the death of President Warren G. Harding (1865-1923). No new Vice President is selected.WarPayment of British war debt to the U.S. begins. WarU.S. troops on the Rhine River in Germany are ordered to return by President Haring (1865-1923). | ScienceLouis A. Bauer analyzes the Earth’s magnetic field. MedicineInsulin becomes generally available to people with diabetes.MedicineVaccines: First vaccine for Diphtheria is used.InventionsThe bulldozer is invented. | Arts and LettersDrummer Buddy Rich tours the U.S. and Australia as a child prodigy on the drums. IdeasSigmund Freud (1856-1939) publishes his theories on the human mind in "The Ego and the Id." | Harding, FlorencePresident Harding (1865-1923) dies suddenly in San Francisco on his return trip from Alaska. His father in Vermont swears in Coolidge (1872-1933) as President. | EconomicsThe DuPont Company acquires the rights to manufacture Cellophane; the first U.S. made Cellophane is produced in 1924.EconomicsIn order to build a Model T automobile, Ford required approximately 250 feet of lumber for each car that it built. As a result, Henry Ford authorized the purchase of several hundred thousand acres of forestland in northern Michigan.DiscoveryNative Americans: Oil is discovered on the Navajo Reservation. Daily LifeMagazines: Time Magazine hits the newsstands for the first time, at $.15 a copy.Daily LifeDisasters: An earthquake in Japan destroys Yokohama and half of Tokyo; about 100,000 people die. | Sports Finnish Paavo Nurmi runs the mile in 4 minutes and 10.4 seconds.Sports Women in Sports: 22% of U.S. colleges have varsity sports teams for women.Popular CultureCecil B. DeMille (1881-1959), film director and producer, releases the Biblical spectacle The Ten Commandments. Popular Culture"e Covered Wagon," voted as one of the 10 best movies of the year by Film Daily, sets the style and popularity for Westerns. | Social IssuesRacism: The African-American town of Rosewood, Florida is burned by a white mob. ReformWomen''s Rights Movement: National Woman’s Party proposes Constitutional amendment stating that “Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and in every place subject to its jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.” |
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1924 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsThe Progressive Party, backed by the American Federation of Labor, Farm-Labor Party and the Socialist Party, nominates senator La Follette of Wisconsin for President. PoliticsCalvin Coolidge (1872-1933) is elected President of the U.S. in his own right, and Charles Dawes (1865-1951) is elected the nation's 30th Vice President.GovernmentNative Americans: Congress passes the Indian Citizenship Act, granting U.S. citizenship to Native Americans. GovernmentImmigration: Immigration Act of 1924 establishes fixed quotas of national origin and eliminates Far East immigration.GovernmentGreece is proclaimed a republic. GovernmentThe diplomatic and consular services of the U.S. government are consolidated.WarThe U.S. Marines land at Shanghai, China to help suppress the civil war. | ScienceScientist Harry Steenbock discovers that sunlight increases the amount of vitamin D in certain foods. After tests prove that it is the ultraviolet part of sunlight, which has this effect, Steenbock patents a process of using artificial ultraviolet light to increase the vitamin D content in food. MedicineThe portable electrocardiograph is introduced. It uses vacuum tubes to amplify the weak electrical signals produced by the heart. TechnologyRCA demonstrates wireless telegraph transmission of photographs from New York City to London; the process takes about 25 minutes per photograph. | EducationChildren's Books: A.A. Milne (1882-1956), English humorist, publishes When We Were Very Young, a collection of stories for his son, Christopher. Arts and LettersPaul Whiteman (1890-1967) commissions George Gershwin (1898-1937) to write the symphonic jazz-style “Rhapsody in Blue.” | Truman, Bess(Mary) Margaret Truman Daniel (1924-), daughter of Harry and Bess Truman, is born February 17.Coolidge, GraceCalvin Coolidge Jr. (1908-1924), son of Calvin and Grace Coolidge, dies July 7. | EconomicsHarry Cohn founds Columbia pictures. DiscoveryHubble determines that Cepheid variables (stars) in the Andromeda nebula are hundreds of thousands of light years beyond the Milky Way. This is conclusive proof that there are other galaxies besides our own. Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: The gas chamber is used for the first time as a method of execution in the United States when gangster Gee Jon is put to death in Nevada.Daily LifeThe publisher Simon and Schuster market the first crossword puzzle book.Daily LifeThere are 2.5 million radios in the U.S.; in 1920 there were only 5000, mostly used by professionals. | Sports The first Winter Olympic games open at Chamonix, France.Sports Football: Notre Dame''s “Four Horseman” – Layden, Stuhldreher, Miller, and Crowley – star as Notre Dame upsets Army. Sports Black Athletes: Olympic gold medalist (summer games; individual): DeHart Hubbard (1903-1976) is the gold medalist for the long jump. | Social IssuesImmigration: The Johnson-Reed Act is passed, severely limiting immigration.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: Radice v. New York, a New York state case, upholds a law that forbade waitresses from working the night shift but made an exception for entertainers and ladies' room attendants. |
1925 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsNellie Taylor Ross (1876-1977) becomes the Governor of Wyoming, being the first woman to be elected as governor of a state.GovernmentThe Senate ratifies 20-year-old treaty, which recognizes the right of Cuba to the Isle of Pines. GovernmentThe U.S. and Canada agree to improve the St. Lawrence River between Montreal and Lake Ontario. GovernmentThe boundary between Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State (now the Republic of Ireland) is established. GovernmentWomen’s Firsts: Nellie Tayloe Ross (1876-1997) becomes the first woman to serve as governor of a state, in Wyoming. GovernmentCalvin Coolidge (1872-1933) is inaugurated as President of the U.S., and Charles Dawes (1865-1951) is inaugurated as the nation's 30th Vice President. | ScienceMillikan (1868-1953) discovers that cosmic rays are absorbed (not produced) by the atmosphere. ScienceThe meter is standardized. MedicineGeorge H. Whipple (1878-1976) demonstrates that iron is a major factor in the formation of red blood cells. InventionsBerliner (1851-1929) invents acoustic tiles for soundproofing. InventionsRailroad History: The American Locomotive Company (ALCO), along with G.E. and IR, builds its first Diesel electric loco. | EducationHigher Education: Trinity College in North Carolina agrees to change its name to Duke University to meet the terms of a $40 million trust fund established by James B. Duke, a tobacco millionaire. Arts and LettersLiterature: Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) publishes "In Our Time."Arts and LettersLiterature: F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) publishes "The Great Gatsby."Arts and LettersWriter DuBose Heyward (1885-1940) publishes "Porgy," on which the musical "Porgy and Bess" is later based. Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: Since Harvard was not supportive of the theatre movement on their campus, the efforts were relocated to Yale in 1925. As a result, Yale established the Drama School as a graduate program that was committed to providing American theatre with gifted artists of superior training.Arts and LettersLiterature: Theodore Dreiser’s (1871-1945) first commercial success was "An American Tragedy" (1925), which was made into a film in 1931 and again in 1951.IdeasJohn Watson publishes "Behaviorism," a book that sparks popular interest in psychology. | Nixon, PatAt the age of 13, “Pat” Ryan (Nixon) assumes the role of housewife for her family when her mother, Kate Halberstadt Bender Ryan, a native of Germany, dies of cancer.Bush, BarbaraBarbara Pierce is born on June 8 in New York City. She is the tenth of ten First Ladies born in New York, the "mother state" of presidential wives. | EconomicsThe Ford Motor Company acquires the Lincoln Motor Company, thus branching out into luxury cars.Daily LifeDisasters: The most violent tornado is U.S. history, the “Tri-State Tornado,” hits Missouri, Indiana, and Illinois, killing 689 people and injuring 13,000 others.Daily LifeMagazines: The New Yorker magazine is founded. | Popular CultureAlexander Alekhine (1892-1946), blindfolded, plays 28 simultaneous games of chess. | ReligionA copy of the Bible costs the equivalent of about $2000 in the 14th century, $500 in 1455, $100 by the 17th century, and $3 in 1925. ReligionPublic Education: Tennessee teacher John T. Scopes is arrested for teaching the Theory of Evolution, which is forbidden by state law. This dispute known as the “Monkey Trial” attracts enormous attention; Scopes is convicted and fined $100. |
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1926 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsThird Parties: The Progressive Party wins seats in Congress in the fall election. GovernmentThe U.S. fails to join the Permanent Court of International Justice and Arbitration at The Hague. GovernmentSenate ratifies World War debt funding agreements with European countries. GovernmentCongress passes the Revenue Act which reduces income and inheritance taxes and abolishes many nuisance taxes.GovernmentLeague of Nations: The first meeting of the Preparatory Disarmament Commission occurs in Geneva. WarCongress establishes the Army Air Corps. | ScienceGerman physicist, Max Born (1882-1970), formulates the mathematical basis of the quantum theory. MedicineGeorge Minot (1885-1950), William Murphy (1892-1987), and George Whipple (1878-1976) use a diet rich in raw liver to cure patients who are suffering from pernicious anemia, a usually fatal disease. Later, Minot and Edwin Cohn prepare liver extract that remains the basic treatment for this disease until 1948. MedicineVaccines: First vaccine for Pertussis is used. TechnologyThe first liquid fuel rocket is successfully launched by Professor Robert Goddard at Auburn, Massachusetts; the rocket traveled 184 feet in 2.5 seconds.TechnologyThe Radio Corporation of America, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, and the British General Post office hold the first successful transatlantic radiotelephone conversation between New York City and London. | EducationCarter G. Woodson (1875-1950) founds Negro History Week, which later evolves into Black History Month.EducationChildren's Books: A.A. Milne (1882-1956) publishes "Winnie the Pooh," one of the most popular children’s books ever written. EducationLibraries: Los Angeles Public Library is dedicated.Arts and LettersLiterature: William Faulkner (1897-1962) publishes his first novel, "Soldier’s Pay." Arts and LettersPainting: Georgia O’Keeffe (1887-1986) paints “Black Iris,” and abstract work in which the flowers assume human anatomical shapes. IdeasT.H. Morgan (1866-1945) publishes "Theory of the Gene." IdeasEdward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) publishes "Measurement of Intelligence." | | Daily LifeExplorers Richard E. Byrd (1888-1957) and Floyd Bennett (1890-1928) fly over the North Pole.Daily LifeAirmail service starts between New York City and Boston. | Sports H. Bierkottes swims the English Channel in 12 hours and 4 minutes. Sports Women’s Firsts: American Gertrude Ederle (1906-2003) becomes the first woman to swim across the English Channel.Popular CultureEnglish filmmaker, Alfred Hitchcock (1899-1980), known for his gripping thrillers, directs The Lodger. Popular CultureWriter Edna Ferber (1887-1968) publishes "Show Boat." | |
1927 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawCivil Rights Movement: The Supreme Court rules that a Texas law forbidding Negroes from voting in Democratic primary elections is unconstitutional. PoliticsA Socialist uprising and a general strike occurs in Vienna, Austria, after acquittal of Nazis for political murder. GovernmentLeague of Nations: The Spanish Government announces that it will continue to collaborate in the work of the League. WarU.S. Marines land in Nicaragua to protect U.S. lives and property during civil war. | ScienceClinton Davisson (1881-1958) and Lester Germer (1896-1971) discover that electrons are diffracted when they pass through crystal. This discovery supports the wave theory of electric behavior. ScienceJan Hendrik Oort (1900-1992), Dutch astronomer, further clarifies Lindblad’s theory about the rotation of the Milky Way galaxy. MedicineFrank A. Hartman isolates “cortin” from the adrenal glands and suggests that absence of this hormone may cause Addison’s disease. MedicineVaccines: First vaccine for Tuberculosis is used. InventionsThe History of Toys: A tough, durable kind of plastic, polystyrene, is invented. Although the first plastic, celluloid, was invented in the 1860s, polystyrene is the first type strong enough to really suit toy making. InventionsThe pentode (a 5-element vacuum tube) is developed. It permits distortion free amplification of sound. TechnologyErnst Alexanderson (1878-1975) receives the first American television broadcast at his home. | EducationLibraries: The Central library of the Free Library of Philadelphia is dedicated.IdeasPavlov (1849-1936) publishes "Conditioned Reflexes," based on his experiments in which dogs, fed at the sound of a bell, salivated at the sound of the bell alone. IdeasCosmologist Georges Lemaitre (1894-1966) proposes the Big Bang Theory to explain the origin of the universe. | Tyler, JuliaDavid Gardiner "Gardie" Tyler (1846-1927), the first son born to John Tyler and his second wife Julia, dies September 5. | EconomicsThe Federal Reserve reduces the discount rate by half a point and purchases $230 million of government securities.Daily LifeTransatlantic commercial telephone service begins between New York City and London.Daily LifeHerbert Hoover (1874-1964), then U.S. Secretary of Commerce, gives a speech in Washington, D.C. that is seen and heard in New York via the first long-distance television transmission.Daily LifeCharles Lindbergh (1902-1974) makes the first solo, non-stop flight across the Atlantic in the Spirit of Saint Louis, from Long Island to Paris.Daily LifeThe Holland Tunnel, designed by Clifford M. Holland, opens to vehicular traffic. More than 1.5 miles long, the tunnel travels under the Hudson River and connects New York with New Jersey. | Sports Baseball: Babe Ruth (1895-1948) sets home run record when he hits 60 for the season. Sports Boxing: The first Golden Gloves amateur boxing matches, sponsored by the New York Daily News, are held. Sports Women in Sports: The International Federation of Women's Field Hockey Associations (IFWHA) is formed to provide competition for teams from the US, England, Scotland and Ireland.Popular CultureThe Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is founded.Popular CultureBandleader and composer, Duke Ellington (1899-1974), organizes a band that begins a five-year stand at Harlem’s Cotton Club. | ReligionCecil B. DeMille (1881-1959) produces his second Biblical epic called "The King of Kings." |
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1928 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsHerbert Hoover (1874-1964) is elected the 31st President of the U.S., and Charles Curtis (1860-1936) is elected as the nation's 31st Vice President.GovernmentMcNary-Haugen Bill for relief of farmers is vetoed on the grounds that it would fix prices and stimulate overproduction. GovernmentFlood Control Bill provides $325 million to curb flooding in the Mississippi River Valley.GovernmentProhibition: Congress appropriates $32 million to enforce Prohibition during the next year. GovernmentBritain recognizes the Chinese National government at Nanking.WarU.S. signs Briand-Kellogg Act Pact, outlawing war. Eventually, 63 nations sign it also. | ScienceKarl Ziegler (1898-1973) explains the chemical procedure for making artificial rubber. MedicineSir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) discovers penicillin, founding the field of antibiotic therapy. InventionsRailroad History: The first Diesel-electric passenger locomotive built in North America was a two-unit 2-D-1-1-D-2. TechnologyMount Palomar Observatory installs a 200-inch reflecting telescope designed by George Hale (1868-1938). | EducationLibraries: The West Virginia Supreme Court rules that Charleston libraries cannot exclude black patrons since, as taxpayers, they are equally entitled to library service.IdeasJohn Von Neumann (1903-1957) develops as part of his theory games, the minimax theorem, a strategy for minimizing a player’s maximum loss. | | Daily LifeThe first seeing eye dog was presented to Morris S. Frank.Daily LifeThe History of Toys: The Mickey Mouse character is created by Walt Disney. | Popular CultureThe first annual Calaveras County “Frog Jumping Jubilee” is held in Angel’s Camp, CA.Popular CultureJerome Kern (1885-1945) and Hammerstein (1895-1960) write the score for Show Boat, which includes the song “Ol’ Man River.” | |
1929 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsThe National Revolutionary Party is organized in Mexico; it becomes the chief political party. GovernmentThe Lateran Treaty, in which Italy agrees to recognize the independence and sovereignty of Vatican City, is signed.GovernmentImmigration: The National origins plan goes into effect. U.S. consuls are told to reject any immigrant who might become a “public charge.” GovernmentThe Agriculture Marketing Act establishes the Federal Farm Board to stabilize farm prices. GovernmentHerbert Hoover (1874-1964) is inaugurated as the 31st President of the U.S., and Charles Curtis (1860-1936) is inaugurated as the nation's 31st Vice President. | ScienceNobel Prize for Physics goes to Broglie (1892-1987) for his electron wave theory. ScienceHubble measures the red shift and discovers that the galaxies are moving away from each other. This universal recession of galaxies indicates that the universe is expanding.MedicineHans Berger (1873- 1941) discovers human electroencephalography.TechnologyErnst Alaxanderson (1878-1975) measures the altitude of an airplane by using reflected radio waves. This is an early use of radar.TechnologyKodak introduces 16mm movie film. TechnologyIn the first instrument flight, Lt. James Doolittle (1896-1993) flies entirely by radio signals received in his airplane. | EducationHigher Education: University of Pennsylvania establishes a department of Medical Physics (biophysics). EducationLibraries: Julius Rosenwald (1862-1932), a merchant and philanthropist, helps fund libraries in 13 southern states to be used in both urban and rural areas, regardless of race.Arts and LettersLiterature: Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) publishes the novel "A Farewell to Arms." IdeasVirginia Woolf (1882-1941) publishes “A Room of One’s Own.”IdeasRobert M. Yerkes (1876-1956), psychologist, publishes "The Great Apes" and establishes the Yale Laboratories of Primate Biology (Florida) to study animal behavior and intelligence. | Hoover, LouHerbert Hoover (1874-1964) was the first president to have a telephone installed on his desk on March 27. White House phones came next.Kennedy, JackieJacqueline Bouvier is born on July 28, 2919 in Southhampton, New York. She is the eighth of ten First Ladies born in New York, the "mother state" of presidential wives. | EconomicsAmerican Money: Currency is reduced in size by 25 percent and standardizes with uniform portraits on the faces and emblems and monuments on the backs. EconomicsPresident Hoover (1874-1964) meets with important businessmen at the White House in order to stabilize the nation’s business. EconomicsThe stock market crash brings depression, with widespread unemployment and many business failures. Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Gang members working for Al Capone (1899-1947) kill rival gang members in the St. Valentine’s Day massacre in Chicago.Daily LifeThe first reindeer are born in the United States, in North Beverly, MA.Daily LifeThe History of Toys: The yo-yo is popularized in the United States. | Sports Women in Sports: Tuskegee Institute in Alabama forms one of the first women's college track teams, offering scholarships to promising women athletes, and adding women's event to their Tuskegee relays track meets.Popular CultureThe first Academy Awards are bestowed; the statues that served as symbols of the award are not called Oscars until 1931.Popular CultureThe first all-color talking picture, "On With the Show," opens.Popular Culture“Amos ‘n’ Andy,” a popular radio show heard each weekday through the 1930’s, makes its national premier. | ReligionPresbyterian churches in Scotland unite to form the Church of Scotland. Social IssuesImmigration: Congress makes annual immigration quotas permanent. |
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1930 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawChief Justices: President Herbert Hoover nominates Charles Evans Hughes (1862-1948) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; he is confirmed by the Senate ten days later and serves in the position for eleven years.LawThe Supreme Court rules that buying bootleg liquor is not a violation of the 18th amendment. PoliticsIn the German elections, Nazis gain 107 seats from the center parties. GovernmentThe Passfield White Paper on Palistine suggests that Jewish immigration be halted. GovernmentThe names of the cities of Constantinople and Angora in Turkey change to Istanbul and Ankara.GovernmentRas Tafari (1892-1975) becomes Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia.GovernmentLeague of Nations: First session of the Commission of Enquiry for European Union. WarThe War Department amends Army regulations to make any violation of the federal prohibition law a military offense.WarFrance begins building the Maginot Line.WarLast Allied troops leave Rhineland. | MedicineNobel Prize for Medicine awarded to Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943) (U.S.) for the grouping of human blood. InventionsVannevar Bush, electrical engineer, develops a differential analyzer, the first analog computer. InventionsQuartz-crystal clocks are introduced.TechnologyBell Laboratories develops a two-way television communication system. TechnologyThe photoflash bulb comes into use. | EducationPublic Education: Civil Rights Movement: The NAACP brings a series of suits over unequal teachers' pay for Blacks and whites in southern states. At the same time, southern states realize they are losing African American labor to the northern cities. These two sources of pressure resulted in some increase of spending on Black schools in the South.EducationCivil Rights Movment: Brown v. Board: The NAACP began to challenge segregation in graduate and secondary schools in the mid-1930s. Early successes in the Supreme Court barred law schools from denying applicants on the basis of race alone.Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: The Group Theatre is formed by the Theatre Guild for the purpose of producing social protest works. Members were generally committed to largely communal projects. Arts and LettersDrama: Maxwell Anderson (1888-1959)writes “Elizabeth the Queen."Arts and LettersDrama: Noel Coward (1899-1973) writes “Private Lives."IdeasSigmund Freud (1856-1939)publishes “Civilization and Its Discontent."IdeasTechnocracy, the absolute domination of technology, becomes talked-of phenomenon. IdeasAlbert Einstein (1879-1955)writes “About Zionism.”IdeasCompton suggests that cosmic rays are made of particles. | Taft, HelenWilliam Howard Taft (1857-1930), 27th President of the United States dies; he is the first U.S. president to be buried in the National Cemetery in Arlington, VA. | EconomicsNew York City’s Bank of the United States closes because of the stock market crash. The bank has 60 branches and almost half a million depositors. During this year more than 1300 banks are forced to close. EconomicsFord creates the Mercury division to establish a division centered on mid-priced cars. Ford Motor Company continues to grow.DiscoveryPluto, the ninth planet in the solar system, is discovered by American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh (1906-1997).Daily LifePrepackaged frozen food is sold for the first time by Clarence Birdseye (1886-1956) in Springfield, MA.Daily LifeContract bridge gains in popularity as a card game.Daily LifeComic strips grow in popularity in the U.S. (“Blondie” series). | Popular CultureThe films “Blue Angel,” (Marlene Dietrich (1901-1992))and “All Quiet on the Western Front,” both win Academy Awards (Milestone).Popular CultureBestseller “Cimarron,” is written by Edna Ferber (1885-1968). Popular CultureDashiell Hammett (1894-1961) writes “The Maltese Falcon." | |
1931 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsGerman millionaire Alfred Hugenberg (1865-1951) undertakes to support the 800,000-strong Nazi Party; Emil Kirdorf (1847-1938), Fritz Thyssen (1873-1951), and Schroder (1841-1902) follow his example. GovernmentLeague of Nations: The Council decides to convene the Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments. GovernmentLeague of Nations: European Conference for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs. | ScienceSwiss chemist Paul Karrer (1889-1971) isolates vitamin A.ScienceAmerican physicist E.O. Lawrence (1901-1958) invents the cyclotron. InventionsJulius A. Nieuwland (1878-1936) devises a process for producing neoprene, a synthetic rubber.TechnologyThe George Washington Bridge, extending from New Jersey to New York, is completed. TechnologyThe Empire State Building opens. | Arts and LettersLiterature: Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973) writes “The Good Earth."Arts and LettersPoetry: Robert Frost (1874-1963) publishes his “Collected Poems,” which wins the Pulitzer Prize.Arts and LettersDrama: Eugene O’Neill (1888-1953) writes “Morning Becomes Electra.”IdeasJohn Dewey (1859-1952 ) publishes “Philosophy and Civilization.” | | DiscoveryAustralian explorer G.H. Wilkins (1888-1958) captains “Nautilus” submarine, navigating it under the Arctic Ocean to latitude 82 degrees, 15 minutes.Daily LifeThe U.S. officially adopts “The Star-Spangled Banner” as its national anthem on March 3. Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Alphonse (“Scarface”) Capone (1899-1947), gangster with reputed $20 million annual income, is jailed for income tax evasion. Daily LifePopulation (in millions): China 410, India 338, U.S.S.R. 168, U.S. 122, Japan 75, Germany 64, Great Britain 46. Daily LifeWomen’s Firsts: Maxine Dunlap becomes first American woman to earn a glider pilot license.Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Alfred M. Butts, an unemployed architect from Poughkeepsie, New York, invents a word game called the Criss Cross Game. In 1948, Butts sells rights to the game to entrepreneur James Brunot who trademarks the game under the name Scrabble. | Sports The northern face of the Matterhorn is climbed for the first time by Franz and Toni Schmid. Sports Women in Sports: Women begin competing in skiing events at the world championships sponsored by the International Ski Federation.Popular CulturePopular songs of the year include “Minnie the Moocher”; “Mood Indigo”; Goodnight Sweetheart”; and “When the Moon Comes Over the Mountain.”Popular CultureCharlie Chaplin (1889-1977) stars in the film, “City Lights."Popular CultureWalt Disney (1901-1996) produces his first color film, "Flowers and Trees."Popular CultureThe musical comedy, "Of Thee I Sing," composed and written by George Gershwin (1898-1937), Ira Gershwin (1896-1983) George S. Kaufman (1889-1961), and Morrie Ryskind (1895-1985), becomes the first musical to win the Pulitzer Prize for drama. | ReligionJehovah’s Witnesses formed from International Bible Students Association.ReligionPope Pius XI (1857-1939): “Quadrigesimo Anno," encyclical noting dangers of unrestrained capitalism and totalitarian communism, and calling for a new social order. |
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1932 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution, setting January 20 as the day the President is inaugurated, is passed by Congress.PoliticsWomen's Firsts: Hattie W. Caraway (1878-1932), a democrat from Arkansas, becomes the first woman to be elected to the U.S. Senate.PoliticsRunning on the idea of a "New Deal" for the American people, Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) is elected as the 32nd President of the U.S. in a Democratic landslide; John Garner (1868-1967) is elected as the nation's 32nd Vice President.GovernmentThe Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is created to conserve area resources. GovernmentThe Revenue Act of 1932 is passed; it is the largest peacetime tax increase in the nation''s history to that date. GovernmentWomen’s Firsts: Hattie Wyatt Caraway (1878-1950), of Arkansas, becomes the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate. GovernmentLeague of Nations: A two-year Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments opens in Geneva; Germany withdraws from the Conference.GovernmentCongress changes the name "Porto Rico" to "Puerto Rico". | ScienceW.H. Carothers (U.S.) (1896-1937) synthesizes polyamide (nylon by 1936).ScienceJames Chadwick (1891-1974) discovers the neutron. ScienceNobel Prize for Physics: Werner Heisenberg (Germany) for the creation of the matrix theory of quantum mechanics.ScienceFritz Mietzch (1896-1958) and Josef Klarer (1898-1953): sulfonamide.InventionsSperry Gyroscope Co. develops an automatic pilot. TechnologyA balloon tire is produced for farm tractors.TechnologyRCA demonstrates electric TV using a cathode-ray picture tube receiver. | EducationLibraries: The Folger Library opens in Washington. EducationHigher Education: Bennington College opens in Vermont.EducationBasic English is proposed as a prospective international language.EducationPublic Education: A survey of 150 school districts reveals that three quarters of them are using so-called intelligence testing to place students in different academic tracks.EducationLibraries: Howard University School of Divinity Library is founded. | | EconomicsIn May and June, 17,000 ex-servicemen arrive in Washington D.C., to urge the passage of a law that will permit them to cash their bonus certificates; this bill is defeated by the Senate; government offers expenses for return home, but troops led by General Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) finally drive out last 2,000. Economics13.7 million people are unemployed in the United States. EconomicsThe first unemployment insurance law is enacted in Wisconsin.Daily LifeCrime and punishment: The infant son of Charles (1902-1974) and Anne Lindbergh (1906-2001) is kidnapped.Daily LifeWomen''s Firsts: Amelia Earhart (1897-1937) becomes the first woman to complete a solo nonstop transatlantic flight, from Newfoundland to Ireland in about 15 hours.Daily LifeWomen''s Firsts: Amelia Earhart, 34, becomes the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic in a red Lockheed Vega in 15 hours and 39 minutes. | Sports Black Athletes: Louise Stokes (1905-1974) and Tydia Pickett are the first African-American women to be included on a U.S. Olympic team.Sports The first Winter Olympic Games held in the U.S., opens at Lake Placid, N.Y.Sports The Summer Olympic Games at Los Angeles include 23 sports, 124 events, and 1,408 participants from 37 nations.Popular CultureJohnny Weissmuller (1904-1984) appears in his first “Tarzan” film; Dashiell Hammett (1894-1961) writes “The Thin Man;" and Aldous Huxley (1894-1963) writes “Brave New World.” | ReformWomen''s Rights Movement: The National Recovery Act forbids more than one family member from holding a government job, resulting in many women losing their jobs. |
1933 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe 20th Amendment to the Constitution, setting January 20 as the day the President is inaugurated, is ratified by two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution.LawProhibition: The Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution, repealing prohibition, is passed by Congress, ratified by two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution. GovernmentU.S. Congress votes independence for Philippines.GovernmentThe Federal Securities Act requires sworn statements about all securities for sale to be filed with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). GovernmentFranklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) is inaugurated as the 32nd President of the U.S., and John Garner (1868-1967) is inaugurated as the nation's 32nd Vice President.GovernmentWomen’s Firsts: Frances Perkins (1882-1965) is appointed secretary of labor by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945), making her the first woman member of a presidential cabinet.GovernmentAdolph Hitler (1889-1945) is named Chancellor of Germany.GovernmentLeague of Nations: Both Germany and Japan give notice of withdrawal from the League of Nations. | ScienceTadeusz Reichstein (1897-1996) synthesizes pure vitamin C. ScienceVitamin B2 (riboflavin) recognized by R. Kuhn, Szent-Gyorgyi, and Wagner von Jauregg.MedicineManfred Sakel (1900-1957) discovers insulin shock therapy.TechnologyEdwin H. Armstrong (1890-1954) develops frequency modulation (FM) radio broadcasting. TechnologyPhilo T. Farnsworth (1906-1971) develops an electronic TV receiver. | Arts and Letters“Ulysses,” by James Joyce (1882-1941), is allowed in the U.S. after court ruling.Arts and LettersLiterature: Erskine Caldwell (1903-1987)writes “God’s Little Acre.”Arts and LettersGeorge Balanchine (1904-1983) and Lincoln Kirstein (1907-1996) found the School of American Ballet.Arts and LettersLiterature: Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) writes “The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas.”IdeasC.G. Jung (1875-1961) writes “Modern Man in Search of Soul.” | | EconomicsAmerican banks are closed March 6 - March 9 by presidential order. EconomicsThe U.S. goes off gold standard on April 19.EconomicsUnlike his father, Edsel Ford was more interested in vehicle design than mechanics. He helped bring the company''s products to new heights of elegance and style by creating the company’s first dedicated, in-house design (or “styling”) department. The department’s creations become some of the most influential automotive designs in the industry.DiscoveryThe theory that Neanderthal Man is in the line of decent of homo sapiens is rejected following the discovery of the Steinheim skull. DiscoveryR.E. Byrd, begins his second South Pole expedition. Daily LifeThe board game Monopoly is invented.Daily LifeAll books by non-Nazi and Jewish authors are burned in Germany. Daily LifeChicago World’s Fair (A Century of Progress International Exposition) opens.Daily LifePresident Roosevelt delivers the first radio “fireside chat” to restore the public’s confidence in the American currency and banking system. | Sports Baseball: The first baseball all-star game is played.Sports Boxing: Italian Primo Carnera (1906-1967) knocks out Jack Sharkey (1902-1994) to win heavyweight-boxing crown. Popular CultureSome popular films of the year are “Little Women,” starring Katherine Hepburn (1907-2003), and “She Done Him Wrong,” starring Mae West (1892-1980). Popular CultureSome popular songs are “Smoke Gets in Your Eyes”; “StormyWeather”; “Easter Parade”; “Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?”; and “Boulevard of Broken Dreams.” | Social IssuesHolocaust: The Germans at Dachau open the first concentration camp; by 1945 8 to 10 million prisoners have been interned and at least half of them killed. Boycott of Jews begins in Germany. Social IssuesImmigration: Approximately 60,000 artists (authors, actors, painters, and musicians) emigrate from Germany. |
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1934 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentLeague of Nations: Meeting of the General Commission of the Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments. GovernmentCongress passes the Gold Reserve Act, empowering the President to regulate the value of the U.S. dollar. GovernmentPresident Roosevelt signs Securities Exchange Act, establishing Securities and Exchange Commission. The first chairman of the SEC is Joseph Kennedy. | ScienceAdolph Butenandt (1903-1995) isolates the first crystalline male hormone, androsterone.ScienceEnrico Fermi (1901-1954 ) suggests that neutrons and protons are the same fundamental particles in two different quantum states. TechnologyOsoviakhim, U.S.S.R. balloon, ascends 13 miles into stratosphere. | Arts and LettersLiterature: Robert Graves (1895-1985) writes “I, Claudius” and “Claudius the God.” Arts and LettersPainting: Salvador Dali (1904-1989) paints “William Tell,” in surrealistic style.Arts and LettersDrama: William Saroyan (1908-1981) writes “The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze.”IdeasArnold Toynbee (1889-1975) writes “A Study of History.”IdeasRuth Benedict (1887-1948) publishes “Patterns of Culture. | | EconomicsWomen’s Firsts: Lettie Pate Whitehead (1872-1953) becomes the first American woman to serve as a director of a major corporation, The Coca-Cola Company. DiscoveryWomen’s Firsts: On October 23, 1934, American adventurer Jeanette Piccard (1895 – 1985) sets an altitude record for female balloonists when she ascends 57,579 feet. Daily LifeTransportation: The S.S. “Normandie” (France) launched; the largest ship afloat until “Queen Elizabeth.” Daily LifeThe Dionne quintuplets are born in Callendar, Ontario.Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: The F.B.I. shoots John Dillinger (1903-1934), “Public Enemy No. 1.”Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: The infamous pair of Bonnie (Parker) (1910-1934) and Clyde (Barrow) (1909-1934), die in a police shootout. | Sports Golf: The first Masters golf tournament at Augusta National in Georgia is won by Horton Smith (1908-1963).Sports Boxing: Max Baer (1909-1959) wins world heavyweight boxing title. Sports Boxing: Joe Louis (1914-1981) wins his first fight against Jack Kracken (Chicago).Popular CultureShirley Temple (1928- ) stars in her first film, Stand Up and Cheer. | Social IssuesPoverty: Evangeline Booth (1865-1950), daughter of the Salvation Army’s founder, elected General of the Salvation Army. |
1935 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsHuey Long (1893-1935) is assassinated by Dr. Carl Weiss in Louisiana Capitol Building. GovernmentPresident Roosevelt (1882-1945) signs U.S. Social Security Act.GovernmentChiang Kai-shek is named President of China. GovernmentT.G. Masaryk (1850-1937) resigns as President of Czechoslovakiaand is succeeded by Eduard Benes (1884-1948). GovernmentPersia changes its name to Iran.GovernmentThe Social Security Act establishes a federal payroll tax to finance a cooperative federal-state system of unemployment insurance. GovernmentLeague of Nations: The American Senate refuses to ratify the accession of the United States to the Permanent Court of International justice. WarWorld War II: The Saarland is incorporated into Germany following a plebiscite; Nazis repudiate Versailles Treaty and reintroduce compulsory military. | MedicineLadislas J. Meduna (1896-1964)discovers metrazol shock therapy.MedicineGerman chemist Gerhard Domagk (1895-1964) announces the discovery of Prontosil, the first sulfa drug for treating streptococcal infections.TechnologyRADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) is first demonstrated by Robert Watson-Watt (1892-1973).TechnologyThe first round-the-world telephone conversation covers more than 23,000 miles. It is routed from New York to San Francisco, Indonesia, Holland, England, and back to NY-to an office less than 50 feet from the phone where the call originated. TechnologyRailroad History: EMC builds #511 and #512, the first self-contained Diesel passenger locomotives in the US. | EducationLibraries: The Works Progress Administration library service program gives support in labor and funds to all types of libraries.Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: The Federal Theatre Project is established by Works Progress Administration (WPA) under the leadership of Hallie Flanagan (1890-1969). It lasted 4 years and employed over 30,000 theatrical artists and workers. Eventually Congress challenged the content of the productions as being subversive propaganda and dangerous. Arts and LettersDrama: Clarence Day (1874-1935) writes “Life with Father.” Arts and LettersDrama: T.S. Eliot (1888-1965) writes “Murder in the Cathedral.” Arts and LettersLiterature: Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) writes “It Can’t Happen Here.” Arts and LettersLiterature: John Steinbeck (1902-1968) writes “Tortilla Flat.” | | EconomicsElectrification: The first generator at Hoover Dam along the Nevada-Arizona border begins commercial operation. Daily LifeTransportation: The S.S. “Normandie” crosses the Atlantic in 107 hours and 33 minutes. Daily LifeDancing: The rumba becomes a fashionable dance. Daily LifeAlcoholics Anonymous is organized in New York. Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Bruno R. Hauptmann (1899-1936) goes on trial for the kidnap and murder of the Lindburgh baby.Daily LifeAmelia Earhart (1897-1937) becomes the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California. | Sports Baseball: The Cincinnati Reds and the Philadelphia Phillies play the first major league night baseball game at Crosley Field I Cincinnati. | ReformLabor Movement: The Committee for Industrial Organizations is founded by the leaders of eight unions in the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Its goal is to develop industry-wide unions that include clerical and unskilled workers, as well as skilled-workers who are eligible for the AFL. |
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1936 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Supreme Court upholds constitutionality of TVA in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority.PoliticsFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) is reelected President of the U.S. by a landslide, as is John Garner (1868-1967) as Vice President. GovernmentLeague of Nations: The Secretariat moves into the new League of Nations buildings, Geneva. WarThe U.S. Army adopts the semi-automatic rifle.WarWorld War II: German troops occupy Rhineland; elections in Germany give Hitler (1889-1945) 99% of the vote; Four-Year Plan inaugurated. WarSpanish Civil War begins in July; Franco appointed Chief of State by the insurgents in October; siege of Madrid begins; Spanish government moves to Valencia. WarWorld War II: Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) declares war on Japan. | MedicineDr. Alexis Carrel (1873-1944) develops an artificial heart. MedicineEgas Moniz (1874-1955) discovers prefrontal lobotomy for treating mental diseases.TechnologyThe dirigible “Hindenburg” lands at Lakehurst, N.J., after transatlantic flight. TechnologyMrs. Amy (Johnson) Mollison (1903-1941) flies from England to Cape Town in 3 days, 6 hours, and 25 minutes.TechnologyBoulder (Hoover) Dam on Colorado River in Nevada and Arizona is completed; this creates Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in the world. | Arts and LettersDrama: Beatrice Kaufman and Moss Hart collaborate on the play, “You Can’t Take it With You.” | | EconomicsThe Ford Foundation is established.Daily LifeMagazines: Henry Luce (1898-1967) begins publication of “Life” magazine. Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Bruno Richard Hauptman (1899-1936) is convicted of kidnapping and killing the Lindbergh baby. Daily LifeDisasters: Floods sweep Johnstown, Pennsylvania.Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Parker Brothers introduce Monopoly. | Sports Baseball: Ty Cobb (1886-1961), Babe Ruth (1895-1948), Honus Wagner (1874-1955), Christy Mathewson (1880-1925) and Walter Johnson (1887-1946) are the first players elected to the newly founded Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York.Sports Boxing: Max Schmeling (1905-2005) (German) defeats Joe Louis (1914-1981) (U.S.) to win world heavyweight boxing championship. Popular CultureDale Carnegie (1888-1955) writes “How to Win Friends and Influence People.”Popular CultureWalter D. Edmunds (1903-1998) writes “Drums Along the Mohawk.” Popular CultureMargaret Mitchell (1900-1949) writes “Gone with the Wind,” a Pulitzer Prize Novel. | |
1937 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawWomen's Rights Movement: The U.S. Supreme Court rules in favor of a minimum wage law for women. GovernmentPresident Roosevelt (1882-1945) signs U.S. Neutrality Act. GovernmentFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) is inaugurated President of the U.S., as is John Garner as Vice President. WarWorld War II: Riots in Sudeten area of Czechoslovakia; Sudetan Germans leave Czech Parliament. WarSpanish Civil War: The German Luftwaffe (air force) destroys the Spanish town of Guernica. | MedicineThe nation’s first blood bank is established at Cook County Hospital in Chicago.MedicineCrystalline vitamin A and vitamin K concentrates are first obtained.MedicineThe National Cancer institute is established. InventionsWallace H. Carothers (1896-1937) patents Nylon for the Du Pont Company.InventionsThe first jet engine is built by Frank Whittle (1907-1996). TechnologyThe Lincoln Tunnel provides a second major vehicular tunnel between New York and New Jersey. TechnologySan Francisco’s Gold Gate Bridge opens; the main section is 4200 ft. long; it is the longest bridge up to this time. TechnologyGeorge VI (1895-1952) is crowned King of Great Britain; the broadcast of ceremonies is first worldwide program heard in the U.S. | Arts and LettersLiterature: Ernest Hemmingway (1899-1961) writes “To Have and to Have Not.” Arts and LettersLiterature: John P. Marquand (1893-1960) writes “The Late George Apley,” which wins a Pulitzer Prize. Arts and LettersPainting: Picasso (1881-1973) paints “Guernica,” a mural for the Paris World Exhibition. Arts and LettersPaul Mellon (1907-1999) endows the National Gallery in Washington, D.C. | | EconomicsWall Street stock market decline signals serious economic recession in the U.S.Daily LifeIn Connecticut, automobile license places are issued for the first time.Daily LifeDisasters: The German airship Hindenberg bursts into flames as it is trying to land at Lakehurst, NJ. News of its occurrence is described in the first transcontinental radio broadcast.Daily LifeAmelia Earhart (1897-1937) is lost on a Pacific flight. | Sports Boxing: Joe Louis (1914-1981) regains world heavyweight boxing title by defeating James J. Braddock (1905-1974). Sports U.S. Tennis Team wins Davis Cup Tournament in England. Sports Women in Sports: The US becomes the first country to win the men's (Swaythling Cup) and women's (Marcel Corbillon Cup) team table tennis championships in the same year.Popular CultureJohn Steinbeck (1902-1968) writes “Of Mice and Men.” Popular CultureWalt Disney (1901-1996) produces “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs." | Social IssuesPoverty: Public Housing: One of the first public housing projects in New York City, the Harlem River Houses, is built. They were 4 and 5-story walk-ups that were connected. ReformWomen''s Rights Movement: Minimum wage law for women is upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court. ReformLabor Movement: A major strike against Republic Steel takes place: 4 killed and 84 injured in Chicago. |
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1938 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawCivil Rights Movement: The Supreme Court rules that the University of Missouri Law School must admit Negroes because of a lack of other facilities in the area.GovernmentMartin Dies (1900-1972) (Texas Democrat), becomes chairman of the newly formed House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) of U.S. House of Representatives. WarWorld War II: Hitler (1889-1945) appoints himself War Minister, Ribbentrop Foreign Minister; meets Schuschnigg at Berchtesgaden and marches into Austria; Mussolini (1883-1945) and Hitler meet in Rome; programs in Germany. WarWorld War II: Eden resigns in protest against Chamberlain’s (1869-1940) policy; Winston Churchill (1874-1965) leads country’s outcry; Duff Cooper (1890-1954) resigns as First Lord of the Admiralty; President Benes (1884-1948) resigns; Slovakia and Ruthenia granted autonomy; Hungary annexes southern Slovakia; Emil Hacha (1872-1945) installed as puppet President of Czechoslovakia. | ScienceKarter, Salomon, and Fritzsche chemically identify vitamin E. ScienceIsolation of pyridoxine (vitamin B6). MedicineRobert E. Gross, physician, surgically repairs a congenital heart defect. MedicineUgo Cerletti (1877- 1963) and Lucio Bini (1908-1964) discover electroconvulsive therapy. | EducationCivil Rights Movement: Higher Education: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the University of Missouri Law School must admit Negroes because of a lack of other facilities in the area.EducationThe Cloisters, endowed by Rockefeller (1839-1937), is built in upper Manhattan as a branch of the Metropolitan Museum to house medieval art.EducationHigher Education: Education of Women: African American Education: Harvard University grants and honorary doctorate to Negro singer Marian Anderson (1897-1993).Arts and LettersDrama: "Our Town," by Thornton Wilder (1897-1975), is performed publicly for the first time in Princeton, NJ.Arts and LettersDaphne du Maurier (1907-1989) writes “Rebecca.” Arts and LettersDrama: Robert Sherwood (1896-1955): “Abe Lincoln in Illinois." Arts and LettersArchitecture: Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) builds Taliesin West in Phoenix, Arizona. Arts and LettersLiterature: Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (1896-1953) writes “The Yearling,” a Pulitzer Prize novel.IdeasJohan Huizinga (1872-1945) writes “Homo Ludens.” IdeasAlfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) writes “Modes of Thought.” | | EconomicsDupont markets the first nylon product-a toothbrush.EconomicsThe Fair Labor Standards Act passed, enacting first national minimum wage law.Daily LifeThe 40 hour work week is established in the United States.Daily Life20,000 TV sets are in service in New York City. Daily LifeThe S.S. “Queen Elizabeth” is launched.Daily Life32,000 people die in auto accidents in the U.S. | Sports Horse Racing: Eddie Arcado rides his first Kentucky Derby winner, “Lawrin.”Popular CultureThe New Orleans jazz classic, "When the Saints Go Marching In," is recorded by Louis Armstrong (1901-1971).Popular CultureThe popular radio quiz show Information Please is broadcast by NBC.Popular CultureOrson Welles’s (1915- 1985) radio production of H.G. Well’s (1866-1946) “War of the Worlds” causes considerable panic. Popular CultureBenny Goodman’s (1909-1986) band brings new style to jazz music. Popular CultureKurt Weill (1900-1950): “Knickerbocker Holiday,” musical comedy, New York. | Social IssuesAnti-semitism: Anti-Jewish legislation enacted in July.ReformLabor Movement: Women''s Rights Movement: The Fair Labor Standards Act establishes minimum wage without regard to sex. |
1939 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawPresident Roosevelt appoints the first Jewish Associate Justice to the Supreme Court, Felix Frankfurter (1882-1965); at the same time, he appoints William O. Douglas (1898-1980), who hold the record for longest service on the Court -- 36 years, 7 months. WarThe Spanish Civil War ends.Rooseveltasks Congress for $552 million for defense and demands assurance from Hitler and Mussolini that they will not attack 31 named states. WarWorld War II: Germany occupies Bohemia and Moravia, places Slovakia under “protection,” annexes Memel, renounces nonaggression pact with Poland and naval agreement with England, and concludes both the 10-year alliance with Italy and the nonaggression pact with U.S.S.R.WarWorld War II: Japanese occupy Hainan and blockade British concession at Tientsin; U.S. renounces Japanese trade agreement of 1911. WarWorld War II: Britain and France recognize Franco’s government; U.S. recognition follows; Spanish Civil War ends; Spain joins Anti-Comintern Pact and leaves League of Nations. WarWorld War II: Germany invades Poland and annexes Danzig on September 1; Britain and France declare war on Germany on September 3; Roosevelt declares that the U.S. is neutral; Germans overrun western Poland and reach Brest-Litovsk and Warsaw; U.S.S.R. invades Poland from the east; the British Expeditionary Force (158,000 men) are sent to France. | ScienceJoliot-Curie demonstrates the possibility of splitting apart the atom. SciencePolyethylene is invented.ScienceNobel Prize for Physics awarded to Ernest O. Lawrence (U.S.) for the development of cyclotron.TechnologyIgor Sikorsky (1889-1972) constructs the first helicopter.TechnologyRadar stations are used in Britain to give early warning of approaching enemy aircrafts. | Arts and LettersLiterature: James Joyce writes “Finnegan’s Wake.”Arts and LettersLiterature: Richard Llewellyn writes “How Green was My Valley.”Arts and LettersLiterature: John Steinbeck writes “The Grapes of Wrath.” Arts and LettersDrama: George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart write “The Man Who Came to Dinner.”Arts and Letters“Grandma Moses” (Anna M. Robertson) becomes famous in the U.S.Arts and LettersDance: Aaron Copland’s “Billy the Kid” ballet opens in New York. Arts and LettersLiterature: C.S. Forester writes “Captain Horatio Hornblower.”IdeasJohn Dewey (1859-1952) publishes “Freedom and Culture.” IdeasAdolf Hitler’s “Mein Kampf” is made available in a complete English translation. | | EconomicsAfter the 1938 recession, the U.S. economy begins to recover and, by autumn, is booming from orders of European countries for arms and war equipment.Daily LifeTransportation: Pan-American Airways begins regularly scheduled commercial flights between the U.S. and Europe on the “Dixie Clipper.” Daily LifeFashion: Nylon stockings appear for the first time. Daily LifeHolidays: President Roosevelt moves the national Thanksgiving Celebration to the third Thursday of November in order to extend the Christmas shopping season and boost the economy. | Sports Baseball: The first televised major league game is broadcast from Ebbets Field in Brooklyn.Sports Baseball: Little League Baseball is founded.Sports Baseball: Baseball great Lou Gehrig sets of major-league record when he plays his 2,130th game.A baseball game is first televised in the U.S. Popular CultureThe first public television broadcast is made from the Empire State Building.Popular CultureWar songs in England are “Roll out the Barrel’ and “The Last Time I Saw Paris.”Popular CulturePopular Films include “Gone With the Wind”, “The Wizard of Oz” (Judy Garland), and “Stagecoach” (John Ford).Popular CulturePopular Songs in America are “God Bless America”, “Over the Rainbow”, and “I’ll Never Smile Again.” | ReligionPope Pius XI dies; Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli is elected to be Pope Pius XII (-1958).ReligionThe Methodist Church, rent by schisms of 1830 and 1844, is reunited.ReformLabor Movement: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that sit-down strikes are illegal. |
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1940 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsFranklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) is re-elected to a third term as President of the U.S., and Henry A. Wallace (1888-1965) is elected as the nation's 33rd Vice President.GovernmentStamps: Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) is the first African-American honored on a stamp. GovernmentImmigration: The Smith Act (Alien Registration Act) requires the registration of all aliens and makes it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the U.S. government by force. GovernmentConservation: Congress establishes the Fish and Wildlife Service to develop and administer a wildlife conservation program. GovernmentNeville Chamberlain (1869-1940) is succeeded by Winston Churchill (1874-1965) as Prime Minister of England.GovernmentThe U.S. does not renew its commercial treaty with Japan. GovernmentThe Transportation Act passes, giving ICC authority to regulate common carriers operating in interstate commerce in the coastal, inter-coastal, and inland waters of the U.S. WarNational Defense Advisory Commission coordinates U.S. civilian defense protection. WarCongress creates the Selective Service System, the first U.S. peacetime program of compulsory military service. It requires all men between ages 21 and 36 to register. | ScienceFritz A. Lipmann (1899-1986), biochemist, proposes that ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) is a common form of energy in many cells. MedicineN.M. Gregg discovers that German measles during pregnancy may cause birth defects in the unborn child. MedicineLinus Pauling (1901-1994) and Max Delbruck (1906-1981) determine that antigens cause the body to produce antibodies. InventionsV. Zworykin (1889-1982) and James Hillier (1915-) invent the electronic microscope. InventionsHellmuth Walter (1900-1980), a German engineer, invents a propulsion system for submarines. | EducationThe first large-scale urban college building of modern design, Hunter College, is built in New York City. Arts and LettersThe Museum of Modern Art sets up a separate department of photography.Arts and LettersPainting: Picasso’s (1882-1973) lithograph, “Dove” is selected as the symbol of the World Peace Congress. | | DiscoveryPrehistoric drawings that are at least 20,000 years old are found in the Lascaux Caves in France. Daily LifeThe first social security check is issued to Ida Fuller for $22.54.Daily LifeFashion: Nylon stockings go on sale for the first time in the U.S.Daily LifeThe suspension bridge over the Narrows at Tacoma, Washington called “Galloping Gertie,” collapses because of wind vibration; the Bridge tumbles into Puget Sound. | Sports Cornelius Warmerdam (1915-2001) is the first to pole-vault 15 feet. Two years later he sets the new record of 15 ft. 7.75 inches. Popular CultureOglethorpe University (Georgia) deposits a bottle of beer, an encyclopedia, and a movie fan magazine along with 1000 of other items in its “Crypt of Civilization,” a time capsule scheduled to be opened in the year 8113. Popular CultureJohn Ford (1894-1973) wins an Oscar for directing "The Grapes of Wrath." | ReformLabor Movement: The 40-hour workweek, part of Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, goes into effect. |
1941 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawChief Justices: After sixteen years of service as an Associate Justice, Harlan Fiske Stone (1872-1946) is nominated Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945); he is confirmed by the Senate and serves for five years until his death in 1946.GovernmentThe Lend-Lease Act passes, giving the president the authority to aid any nation whose defense he believed vital to the United States and to accept repayment "in kind or property, or any other direct or indirect benefit which the President deems satisfactory."GovernmentFranklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) is inaugurated for a third term as President of the U.S., and Henry A. Wallace (1888-1965) is inaugurated as the nation's 33rd Vice President.GovernmentThe Lend-Lease Act lends war materials to friendly nations.GovernmentThe Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply is organized. It immediately freezes steel prices and later announces the need for tire rationing to conserve rubber. WarPuerto Rico: US Congress establishes two thirds of the island of Vieques as a military training ground. Residents are given 24 hours to leave their homes. WarThe Selective Service System repeals the 900,000-man limitation of the Army and extends the length of service of draftees to 18 months.WarU.S. lends the U.S.S.R. $1 billion worth of war material. WarWorld War II: Japan attacks the U.S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, destroying many war ships; the U.S. declares war on Japan. WarWorld War II: U.S. forces land in Iceland to defend it against possible attack. | ScienceThe Manhattan Project, under the direction of Leslie Groves, begins top-secret research to develop an atomic bomb. MedicineWomen's Firsts: Eleanor J. Macdonald (1906-?1995), the first cancer epidemiologist, establishes the world’s first cancer registry in Connecticut.MedicineRadioactive iodine is used to treat cancer of the thyroid. InventionsAerosol spray cans are introduced. TechnologyRCA develops the “alert receiver,” a radio that is turned on or off by a special radio wave signal. TechnologyLORAN (long range aid to navigation) uses fixed radio signals to determine positions at sea. TechnologyAn electron microscope is used to obtain the first photograph of a virus. The virus, only 4 ten-millionths of an inch in diameter, is magnified 65,000 times. | | Reagan, NancyMaureen Reagan Revell (1941-2001), daughter of Ronald and Nancy Reagan, is born January 4. | EconomicsThe FCC authorizes TV broadcasting. By the end of the year, 1 million sets are sold. Daily LifeGasoline curfew begins in 17 eastern states; gasoline stations are closed from 7am-7pm. Daily LifeA National Nutrition Program begins; vitamins and minerals are added to milk, bread, and other common foods. Daily Life“Utility” clothing and furniture are encouraged in Britain; clothes rationing starts. Daily LifeHolidays: After much protest, President Roosevelt returns the official Thansgiving to the fourth Thursday of November. | Sports Baseball: New York Yankee center-fielder Joe DiMaggio (1914-1999) hits in 56 major league games and sets a major league record. Popular CultureThe classic movie, "Citizen Kane," starring Orson Welles (1915-1985), premiers in New York City.Popular CultureThe famous wartime phrase “Praise the Lord and pass the ammunition” is said by Howell M. Forgy, chaplain on the U.S. cruiser New Orleans, which is attacked at Pearl Harbor. Popular CultureBilly Strayhorn (1915-1967), arranger-composer for Duke Ellington, composes the band’s theme song, “Take the A-Train.”Popular CultureThe USO is founded in New York City to raise the morale of American troops by supplying recreation, education, and entertainment. | Social IssuesImmigration: Japan’s surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii galvanizes America’s war effort. More than 1,000 Japanese-American community leaders are incarcerated because of national security. Social IssuesImmigration: President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 8802, forbidding discrimination in federal hiring, job-training programs, and defense industries. The newly created Fair Employment Practices Commission investigates discrimination against black employees. |
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1942 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentFranklin Roosevelt (1882-1945) signs an executive order resulting in the internment of thousands of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast.GovernmentImmigration: Congress allows for importation of agricultural workers from within North, Central, and South America. The Bracero Program allows Mexican laborers to work in the U.S. WarWorld War II: Congress enacts measures to form the Women’s auxiliary corps of the Army, Marines, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard. WarWorld War II: The Nazis formulate their “Final Solution” regarding the Jews at the Wannsee Conference. WarWorld War II: Government wartime agencies take control of housing, alien property, shipping and transportation, foreign relief, censorship, and scientific research. WarWorld War II: U.S. begins strict rationing of food and materials needed for the war effort. | ScienceRussian Academy of Sciences awards honorary memberships to Americans for the first time: W. Cannon, E.O. Lawrence, and G. Lewis. MedicineFrench chemists prepare the first usable antihistamines. InventionsHenry Ford (1863-1947) patents the plastic automobile body.InventionsMagnetic recording tape is introduced. InventionsBell Aircraft builds and tests the first U.S. jet, the XP-59. TechnologyHenry Kaiser (1882-1967) and Howard Hughes (1905-1976) design the Spruce Goose, an 8-engine airplane with room for 700 people.TechnologySonobuoys are used to detect submarines.TechnologyRadio signals (interference) are received from the Sun. TechnologyThe first V-mail is sent overseas from New York City to London. | Arts and LettersDance: Copland (1900-1990) composes the ballet Rodeo, staged and choreographed by Agnes DeMille (1881-1959). IdeasSister Elizabeth Kenny (1880-1952) publishes "Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis and Its Treatment." | | EconomicsThe Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in Washington State is completed. DiscoveryMildenhall Treasure, a hoard of Roman silverware, is discovered in Suffolk, England. Daily LifeDisasters: Mine explosions in Honkeiko, Manchuria kill 1549 people. Daily LifeDisasters: The ocean liner Queen Mary collides with a British cruiser; 388 people on board the cruiser are killed. | Sports Football: The Army-Navy football game that is usually seen by 100,000 fans in Philadelphia is played in Annapolis, Maryland for fewer than 12,000. By Presidential order, tickets are sold only to resident within a 10-mile radius of the stadium. Sports Baseball: Just weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Roosevelt declares, “it would be best for the country to keep baseball going.”Popular CultureBand leader Glenn Miller (1904-1944) receives the first ever gold record for selling a million copies of “Chattanooga Choo Choo.” | ReligionC.S. Lewis (1898-1963) publishes "The Screwtape Letters," an extremely popular Christian novel. ReligionLloyd Douglas, a Lutheran clergyman, publishes "The Robe," a novel based on the New Testament. |
1943 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentImmigration: The Magnuson Act of 1943 repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, establishes quotas for Chinese immigrants, and makes them eligible for U.S. citizenship. WarU.S. Army engineers complete the Pentagon building. This 5-sided building, headquarters of the Department of Defense, remains the largest office building in the world. WarWorld War II: President Roosevelt (1882-1945) and Prime Minister Churchill (1874-1965) meet at the Casablanca Conference.WarWorld War II: The Nazi siege of Leningrad is broken.U.S. bombers sink Japanese convoy of 22 ships at the Battle of Bismarck Sea. WarWorld War II: U.S. naval and amphibious forces begin island-hopping operations in the Pacific, capturing key bases. | ScienceThe hallucinogenic drug LSD is first produced by Albert Hoffman (1906-?) at Sandoz Laboratory in Basil, Switzerland.Science50,000 scientists and aides, all conducting secret atomic research suddenly populate the tiny town of Oak Ridge, Tennessee. MedicineLarge-scale production of penicillin begins to meet the demand as the drug is being used to treat a variety of infectious diseases. MedicineEpidemics: An infantile paralysis (polio) epidemic kills 1151 people and cripples thousands more. InventionsAlvarez develops a radar-controlled bombsight. InventionsPolyethylene plastic is introduced. | Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: Richard Rogers and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895-1960) begin their successful partnership when they produce the musical Oklahoma. Arts and LettersLeonard Bernstein (1918-1990), conductor and composer, becomes the assistant composer of the N.Y. Philharmonic. | | EconomicsThe “Big Inch,” world’s longest oil pipeline, is dedicated. It is 1300 miles long and stretches from Texas to Pennsylvania. Daily LifeWomen in England are no longer required to wear hats in law courts. Daily LifeDancing: The jitterbug is the most popular dance. Daily LifeThe History of Toys: While searching for a suspension device to ease rough sailing on battleships, navy engineer Richard James discovers that a torsion spring will "walk" end over end when knocked over. James brought the discovery home to his wife, who named the new toy "Slinky." | Sports Women in Sports: In its June 14th issue, Time estimates there are 40,000 semi-pro women's softball teams in the US.Sports Women in Sports: Baseball: Philip K. Wrigley starts what will become the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, the country’s only professional female league.Sports The Detroit Red Wings win the last 4 games in the Stanley Cup finals, defeating the Boston Bruins 2-0 to become the National League Hockey Champions. | ReligionPublic Education: U.S. Supreme Court reverses 1940 decision and holds that children cannot be required to salute the flag in school if their religion prohibits it; case brought to court by the Jehovah’s Witnesses. |
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1944 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsFranklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) is reelected President for a fourth term; Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) is elected the nation's 34th Vice President on the same Democratic ticket. GovernmentThe Declaration of Independence and other historical documents, sent from Washington D.C., for safekeeping in December 1941, are again displayed at the Library of Congress. WarWorld War II: U.S. planes bomb Berlin for the first time. WarWorld War II: U.S. troops establish beachheads at Utah Beach and Omaha Beach during the Allied invasion of Western Europe (D-Day). | ScienceUranium pile is built in Oak Ridge Tennessee. MedicineAlfred Blalock (1899-1964) and Marie Taussig introduce a surgical technique for saving “blue babies.”MedicineOswald Avery (1877-1955) proves that DNA is the genetic material responsible for heredity. MedicineClarence C. Little proposes that cancer is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. MedicineDDT is used to control a typhus outbreak in Naples, Italy. MedicineDaniel Bovet (1907-1992) discovers the antihistamine pyrilamine. InventionsSilicone resins are introduced as insulation capable of withstanding very high temperatures. | EducationHigher Education: President Roosevelt (1882-1945) signs The Serviceman Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill of Rights), establishing benefits for veterans after the war. One of the chief benefits of the law is the provision of funds for college for returning servicemen and women, thus providing access to higher education for many who would not have been able to afford it otherwise, and, in fact, making the idea of a college education a "normal" one for the next generation of young people.Arts and LettersDrama: Jean Anouilh (1910-1987) completes the play Antigone. IdeasVon Neumann (1903-1957) publishes "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior." | Johnson, Lady BirdLynda Bird Robb (1944- ), daughter of Lyndon and Claudia Johnson, is born March 19. | Daily LifeMeat rationing ends, except for steak and choice cuts of beef. Daily LifeTransportation: The first non-stop flight from London to Canada takes place. | Popular CultureBing Crosby (1903-1977) stars in the film, "Going My Way." Popular CultureThe popular radio show, "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet," debuts.Popular CultureJimmy “Trump” Davidson’s Big Band introduces Dixieland Jazz to Canada. | |
1945 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsThe Arab League is founded in Cairo by Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.GovernmentThe Medal of Freedom is established. It is awarded to civilians for meritorious acts or service. GovernmentUnited Nations: The United Nations opens in San Francisco. Senate ratifies UN Charter by a vote of 89 to 2. GovernmentFranklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) is inaugurated as President for a fourth term; Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) is inaugurated as the nation's 34th Vice President. GovernmentVice President Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) becomes the nation's 33rd President upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945). No new Vice President is selected.WarWorld War II. The United States drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan; the rationale is that it will shorten the war and save thousands of American and Japanese lives. Several days after the bombing, Japan surrenders, bringing World War II to an end.WarWorld War II: The Russians liberate the Auschwitz concentration camp, where the Nazis killed over 1.5 million people, including over 1 million Jews.WarWorld War II: U. S. Marines raise the American flag on Iwo Jima.WarWorld War II: The Yalta Agreement is signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945), British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (1874-1965), and Soviet leader Josef Stalin (1879-1953).WarWorld War II: World War II ends; cold war begins; Soviet Union becomes prime adversary of U.S; President Truman (1884-1972) pressured to take a hard-line on Communists, foreign and domestic. | MedicineWoodward determines the chemical structure of penicillin by using a spectroscope. MedicineSpies proves that folic acid (a B-vitamin) is necessary for proper development of red blood cells. TechnologyRailroad History: The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, uses the first railroad car with an observation dome. The dome is 19.5 feet long and extends the full width of the railroad car. TechnologyWeather radar is developed. | EducationChildren's Books: E.B. White (1899-1985) publishes the children’s classic Stuart Little. Arts and LettersDrama: Sartre (1905-1980) writes the play "No Exit." | Roosevelt, EleanorFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945), 32nd president of the United States, dies of a massive cerebral hemorrhage at his home in Warm Springs, Georgia. | EconomicsFCC sets aside 13 channels for commercial broadcasting. Daily LifeRationing of shoes, butter, and tires ends. Daily LifeBenito Mussolini (1883-1945), Italian dictator and ally of Nazi Germany, is executed.Daily LifeGerman dictator Adolph Hitler (1889-1945), and his newly married mistress, Eva Braun (1912-1945), commit suicide in his Berlin bunker.Daily LifeAnne Frank (1929-1945), the Dutch Jewish teenager who kept a diary of her wartime experiences, dies at 15 in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany. | Popular CulturePopular radio shows include: "The Red Skeleton Show," "The Green Hornet," "Superman," "Inner Sanctum," "The Fred Allen Show," "One Man’s Family," and "Queen for a Day." Popular CultureDizzy Gillespie (1917-1993) organizes an orchestra featuring the “bop” style of jazz. | ReligionItalian writer Carlo Levi (1902-1975) causes a sensation with his novel "Christ Stopped at Eboli." Social IssuesImmigration: The War Bride Act and the G.I. Fiancées Act allows immigration of foreign-born wives, fiancé(e)s, husbands, and children of U.S. armed forces personnel. ReformWomen''s Suffrage Movement: Women win the vote in France. |
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1946 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawChief Justices: President Harry S. Truman nominates Fred M. Vinson as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; the Senate confirms his nomination and he serves for seven years until his death in 1953.PoliticsMcCarthy Era: November 1946 -- Joseph R. McCarthy (1908-1957)is first elected Senator from Wisconsin, defeating progressive titan Robert Lafollette (1855-1925). Richard Nixon (1913-1994) is elected Congressmen from Whittier, CA. The Democrats lose 12 Senate seats and 55 House seats.GovernmentLeague of Nations: (April 18) The League transfers all its assets to the United Nations. Contract signed by W. Moderow, representative of the League, and Sean Lester, the last Secretary-General of the League of Nations. GovernmentUnited Nations: The first General Assembly of the United Nations convenes in London. GovernmentHo Chi Minh (1890-1969) is elected president of North Viet Nam.GovernmentThe United Nations accepts an $8.5 million donation from John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937) to purchases the site for the new UN headquarters in New York City. WarCold War: Churchill (1874-1965) delivers a speech in Fulton, Missouri, warning about Soviet expansion and coining the phrase the “Iron Curtain.” This marks the beginning of the “Cold War.”WarThe Army and Navy are permitted to manufacture atomic weapons. WarChinese Communists tell the U.S. to stop supplying arms to the Nationalist Chinese Party. The U.S. gives up trying to mediate the civil war in China. | ScienceThe Atomic Energy Commission is established. ScienceCarbon-12, and isotope is discovered. InventionsPrinted circuits are developed. TechnologyComputer Technology: A computer begins working at the University of Pennsylvania, taking seconds to do calculations that normally take hours. It is named ENIAC, or Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. | Arts and LettersLiterature: Taylor Caldwell (1900-1985) publishes "This Side of Innocence." Arts and LettersArchitecture: The “ranch-type” home becomes popular; many find the low-slung, single story homes very appealing. IdeasLemaitre (1894-1966) publishes "Hypothesis of the Primeval Atom." | Nixon, PatTricia Nixon Cox (1946- ), daughter of Richard and Patricia Nixon, is born February 21.Bush, BarbaraGeorge Walker Bush (1946- ), son of George and Barbara Bush, is born July 6. | DiscoveryByrd (1888-1957) leads an expedition to the North Pole. Daily LifeMikhail Botvinnik (1911-1995) of the U.S.S.R. is considered the world’s finest chess player. Daily LifeThe government lifts most price and wage controls. U.S. Daily LifeDisasters: An Army plane crashes into the Manhattan Company in New York City; 5 people are killed. | Sports Women’s Firsts: Women in Sports: Edith Houghton becomes the first woman hired as a major-league baseball scout. Popular CultureAlfred Hitchcock (1899-1980) directs the film Notorious.Popular CultureIrving Berlin (1888-1989) writes the score for the Broadway musical, "Annie Get Your Gun." | ReligionMother Frances X. Cabrini (1850-1917) is canonized; she is the first U.S. citizen to become a saint in the Catholic Church. ReligionWomen’s Firsts: Mother Maria Frances Cabrini (1850-1917) is canonized by Pope Pius XII. She is the first U.S. citizen (she was born in Italy) to become a saint. ReformWomen''s Suffrage Movement: Women win the vote in Italy. ReformThe strike by the United Mine Workers begins. President Truman seizes the mines after employers reject the government’s negotiated contract. |
1947 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawEducation: The Supreme Court upholds a state law permitting pupils attending parochial schools to ride on public school buses. This is the first of many cases on the separation of church and state in relation to schools.LawThe Twenty-Second Amendment to the Constitution, limiting Presidents to two terms, is passed by Congress.GovernmentMcCarthy Era: Senator McCarthy (1908-1957) is assigned to the Government Operations Committee in Senate; Congressman Nixon is appointed to the House Un-American Activities Committee. Mr. Nixon is first lawyer on The Committee and is noteworthy for raising the level of "respectability" of the Committee's proceedings.GovernmentMcCarthy Era: Criticized for loose scrutiny of federal employees, President Truman (1884-1972) initiates a loyalty program for civil servants -- the Federal Loyalty Board Program.GovernmentCongress approves economic and military assistance for Greece and Turkey. GovernmentCongress enacts the Labor Management Relations Act (Taft-Hartley Labor Act) over President Truman’s veto. It limits the power of labor unions and puts restrictions on strikes, closed shop, and political activities. GovernmentPresident Truman (1884-1972) states the principle of Soviet Containment (Truman Doctrine).GovernmentBritain nationalizes coalmines, cable and radio communications, and the electrical supply industry. GovernmentThe Secretary of State proposes the European Recovery Program (The Marshall Plan) to give economic aid to certain war-torn European nations. WarWorld War II: U.S. ratifies peace treaties with Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Rumania. WarThe National Security Act unifies all branches of the armed services into a new Department of Defense. | ScienceWillard Frank Libby (1908-1980) develops radio-carbon dating (carbon-14) and uses this method to determine the age of several ancient artifacts. MedicineHeparin is synthesized. MedicineBovet discovers synthetic drugs that produce a non-poisonous, curare-like effect. TechnologyEdwin Land (1906-1991) introduces the Polaroid camera for instant photographs. TechnologyHoward Aiken (1900-1973) produces an improved electromechanical calculator, the Mark II.TechnologyPersonal Computers: Three scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories, William Shockley (1910-1989), Walter Brattain (1902-1987), and John Bardeen (1908-1991) demonstrate their new invention of the point-contact transistor amplifier. The name transistor is short for "transfer resistance.” | Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: The principal approach to production (a theatricalized realism compounded of acting, which emphasized intense psychological truth, and of visual elements, which eliminated nonessentials but retained realistic outlines) is popularized. The method is made most renown by Elia Kazan (1909-2003) and Jo Mielziner (1901-1976) in the 1947 production of "Streetcar Named Desire" and the 1949 production of "Death of a Salesman."Arts and LettersDrama: Arthur Miller (1915-2005) publishes "All My Sons." Arts and LettersDrama: Tennessee Williams (1911-1983) publishes the Pulitzer Prize winning work, "A Streetcar Named Desire." Arts and LettersLiterature: James Michener (1907-1997) publishes "Tales of the South Pacific," the basis for the Broadway show "South Pacific." | Johnson, Lady BirdLuci Baines Johnson Turpin (1947- ), daughter of Lyndon and Claudia Johnson, is born July 2. Carter, RosalynnJohn William “Jack” Carter (1947- ), son of James “Jimmy” and Rosalynn Carter, is born July 3. | Daily LifeCongressional proceedings are televised for the first time.Daily LifeThe wartime draft ends. Daily LifeTransportation: The first supersonic jet flight takes place. Daily LifeFashion: With wartime shortages over, Christian Dior introduces "The New Look" in women's fashions, featuring calf-lenth full skirts and large hats. | Sports Black Athletes: Baseball: Jackie Robinson (1919-1972), the first black baseball player in the major leagues, makes his debut with the Brooklyn Dodgers, and scores the game-winning run.Sports John Cobb (1899-1952) establishes a world ground speed record of 394.196 mph. Popular CultureReports of “flying saucers” receive widespread publicity. | ReformWomen's Rights Movement: In the Fay v. New York case, the U.S. Supreme Court says women are equally qualified with men to serve on juries but are granted an exemption and may serve or not as women choose. |
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1948 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawEducation: The Supreme Court rules that religious instruction in public schools violates the Constitution.PoliticsMcCarthy Era: 1948 -- HUAC gets Whitaker Chambers to implicate Alger Hiss as a spy. Nixon destroys Hiss's reputation in the press, reveals "Pumpkin Papers" in conference.PoliticsDemocratic President Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) is re-elected as President of the U.S. and Alben W. Barkley (1877-1956) is elected as the nation's 35th Vice President.PoliticsCommunists take control of the government in Czechoslovakia.PoliticsSouthern Democrats bolt the Democratic Party in opposition to the civil rights platform. GovernmentPresident Harry Truman (1884-1972) signs the Marshall Plan, a major policy and financial commitment to aid in the recovery of Europe after World War II.GovernmentThe U.S. recognizes the new state of Israel. GovernmentBurma (now called Myanmar) and Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka) gain their independence from Great Britain.WarCold War: Communist Party leaders in the U.S. are indicted and charged with instigating the overthrow of the U.S. government. | ScienceLovell determines that meteors are natural phenomenon of the solar system.ScienceOak Ridge National Laboratory begins to develop peaceful uses for atomic energy. MedicineThe U.S. Public Health Service devises a simple test for diabetes mellitus. MedicineYale University scientists develop a nylon respirator to replace the iron lung. MedicineThe World Health Organization (WHO) is organized. They first meet in Geneva, Switzerland. | EducationPublic Education: The Educational Testing Service is formed, merging the College Entrance Examination Board, the Cooperative Test Service, the Graduate Records Office, the National Committee on Teachers Examinations and others, with huge grants from the Rockefeller and Carnegie foundations. These testing services continued the work of eugenicists like Carl Brigham (originator of the SAT) who did research "proving" that immigrants were feeble-minded.Arts and LettersLiterature: William Faulkner (1897-1962) publishes "Intruder in the Dust." | Nixon, PatJulie Nixon Eisenhower (1948 - ), daughter of Richard and Patricia Nixon, is born July 5. | Daily LifeWomen''s Firsts: The first female Army officer is sworn in. Daily LifeCrayola: To help art teachers learn about the many ways to use the growing number of Crayola products, a teacher workshop program begins to offer in-school training across the country. It continues today. | Sports Women in Sports: The Roller Derby is broadcast live on television from New York City with women skaters.Sports Women in Sports: Black Athletes: The first woman to win an olympic gold medal is Alice Coachman (1923-…), who wins in the high jump.Sports Baseball: Stan Musial (1920-) of the St. Louis Cardinals wins the Most Valuable Player Award for the third time. Popular CultureThe first motion-picture newsreel in color is taken in Pasadena, California at the Tournament of Roses Parade and the Rose Bowl. Popular CultureMiles Davis (1926-1991) leads a nine piece combo that pioneers “cool” jazz. | Social IssuesNative Americans: Native Americans win the right to vote in state elections. Social IssuesImmigration: The Supreme Court rules that California’s Alien Land Laws prohibiting the ownership of agricultural property violates the Constitution’s 14th Amendment. Social IssuesImmigration: The United States admits persons fleeing persecution in their native lands; allowing 205,000 refugees to enter within two years.ReformWomen''s Suffrage Movement: Women win the vote in Belgium. |
1949 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentPresident Truman (1884-1972) outlines his “Point Four” proposal for U.S. technical aid to underdevelopedcountries.GovernmentPresident Truman (1884-1972) proposes a program of domestic litigation called the “Fair Deal.”GovernmentThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) agreement is signed.GovernmentThe country of Siam changes its name to Thailand.GovernmentThe German Federal Republic is established.GovernmentDemocratic President Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) is inaugurated as President of the U.S. and Alben W. Barkley (1877-1956) is inaugurated as the nation's 35th Vice President.
WarCold War: Soviets explode Hydrogen Bomb. Mainland China becomes Communist. | MedicineFirst implant of intraocular lens used by Sir Harold Ridley (1906- 2001).MedicineThe American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute warn that cigarette smoking may cause cancer. MedicineCommercial production of ACTH begins. It is used to treat arthritis, rheumatic fever, and gout. MedicineWaksman (1888-1973) prepares neomycin, an antibiotic.
MedicineEpidemic: 2,720 deaths occur from polio, and 42,173 cases are reported.InventionsThe Atomic Energy Commission designs a breeder reactor that produces power by nuclear fusion, creating more fuel than it uses. TechnologyComputer Technology: Eckert (1919-1995) and Mauchly (1907-1980) build BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer), the first computer with self-checking devices. TechnologyThe National Bureau of Standards builds an atomic clock that is accurate to within 1 second over the course of 3 million years. | Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: There are only 150 legitimate professional theatres serving the entire U.S.Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: 70 TV stations are serving 2 million receivers in urban areas; this is same number as those attending the remaining theatres. IdeasOrwell (1903-1950) foresees a grim future in his satirical masterpiece "1984," a novel that introduces the “Big Brother” concept of totalitarian government. IdeasMaria Geoppert-Mayer (1906-1972) develops a nuclear shell theory. | Bush, BarbaraPauline Robinson “Robin” Bush (1949-1953), daughter of George and Barbara Bush, is born December 20. | Daily LifeTransportation: The first non-stop around the world flight (23,452 miles) is completed by Captain James Gallagher in 94 hours, 1 minute.Daily LifeFashion: Bathing suits called “bikinis” are introduced to the American fashion scene. Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Ole Christiansen, a Danish toy maker, begins to manufacture toy blocks with a new twist. Christiansen creates a plastic brick that can be locked together in different configurations. The Lego, which comes from the Danish leg godt, meaning "play well," was born. The continuing popularity of the Lego brick probably stems from its ability to stimulate a child''s imagination-just six bricks fit together in 102,981,500 different ways. Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Eleanor Abbott designs Candy Land while recovering from polio in San Diego, California. | Sports U.S. wins unofficial championship of the 14th Olympic games in London with a team score of 547 points. Popular CultureThe first Emmy Awards are presented for excellence in television.Popular CultureThe movie "Hamlet," starring Laurence Olivier (1907-1989), becomes the first British film to win an Oscar. | |
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1950 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentThree years after gaining its independence from Great Britain, India formally becomes a republic.GovernmentSenator Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957) claims he has evidence that there are card-carrying members of the Communist Party in the State Department.WarCold War: The Soviet Union announces its possession of the atomic bomb.WarKorean War: President Truman (1884-1972) authorizes the use of U.S. forces in Korea, following the invasion of South Korea by North Korean troops. A naval blockade of Korea is ordered. | SciencePresident Truman (1884-1972) authorizes the Atomic Energy Commission to produce the hydrogen bomb (H-bomb). ScienceCongress establishes the National Science Foundation. MedicineAlthough Americans spend more than $100 million annually on antihistamines, research shows that the drugs neither prevent nor cure the common cold, but merely relieve some symptoms. MedicineNobel Prize for the Physiology of Medicine goes to Phillip Hench (1896-1965) (American), Edward Kendall (1886-1972) (American), and T. Reichstein (1897-1996) (Swiss) for the discovery of cortisone and its medical uses. InventionsThe History of Toys: Silly putty is invented.TechnologyThe longest vehicular tunnel, the Brooklyn-Battery tunnel in New York City, opens to traffic. | EducationLibraries: First drive-through windows are established for book returns at Cincinnati's Public Library.Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: Children’s Theatres, College and University Theatres, Community Theatres, and Off-Broadway theatres experience some growth. | Truman, BessAssassination: Two Puerto Rican nationalists make unsuccessful attempts to kill President Truman (1884-1972). Ford, BettyMichael Gerald Ford (1950- ), son of Gerald and Betty Ford, is born March 14.Carter, RosalynnJames Earl “Chip” Carter III (1950-), son of James “Jimmy” and Rosalynn Carter, is born April 12. | EconomicsU.S. bars trade shipments to Communist China. EconomicsThe Ford Thunderbird is introduced.DiscoveryArchaeological discoveries in La Jolla, California, indicate that North America has been inhabited for at least 40,000 years. Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: The FBI releases its “Ten Most Wanted Fugitives” list for the first time. | Sports Richard Button (1929-), age 19, world figure skating champion is selected as top U.S. amateur athlete. Sports Women in Sports: Black Athletes: Althea Gibson becomes the first African-American— male or female—to play in a major United States Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA) event.Popular CultureLeroy Anderson (1908-1975) writes the holiday song “Sleigh Ride.”Popular CultureLeonard Bernstein (1918-1990) writes the score to "Peter Pan," which stars Mary Martin (1913-1990) in the title role. | ReligionThe National Council of the Churches of Christ is formed; it unites 25 Protestant and 4 Eastern Orthodox groups. Membership is 32 million.ReligionPope Pius XII (1876-1958) proclaims the first Roman Catholic dogma since 1870-that the Virgin Mary, after her death, was assumed into Heaven physically and spiritually. Social IssuesImmigration: Bureau of Indian Affairs terminates federal services for Native Americans in lieu of state supervision. |
1951 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe 22nd Amendment to the Constitution, limiting presidents to two terms, is ratified by two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution. LawThe Supreme Court upholds the Smith Act, under which eleven Communists in the U.S. are convicted. PoliticsWinston Churchill (1874-1965) again becomes the British Prime Minister. GovernmentThe United Nations headquarters opens in New York City.GovernmentThe Mutual Security Agency is set up to offer U.S. economic, military, and technical aid to other countries. GovernmentA Selective Service Bill lowers draft age to 18.5 and lengthens military service to two years. WarKorean War: During the Korean War, North Korean and Communist Chinese forces captured the city of Seoul. WarKorean War: President Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) fires General Douglas McArthur.WarWorld War II: President Truman (1884-1972) declares that state of war with Germany is officially ended; the U.S.-Japanese treaty allows the U.S. to maintain military bases in Japan.
WarKorean War: North Korean and Communist Chinese forces captured the city of Seoul. | ScienceThe National Geographic Society estimates that there are 300 million stars in the Milky Way. MedicineWoodard synthesizes two steroids: cortisone and cholesterol. MedicineFluoridated water is shown to reduce tooth decay by 2/3. MedicineReuben L. Kahn (1887-1874) develops a “universal reaction” blood test for the early detection of several diseases.MedicineAntabuse, a drug that prevents alcoholics from drinking, is introduced. InventionsA video camera is developed that records both pictures and sound on magnetic tape. TechnologyThe United States Air Force starts atomic testing in the Nevada desert.TechnologyComputer Technology: UNIVAC I (Universal automatic computer) is the first commercially successful computer. It is 14 1/2 feet long, 7 1/2 feet wide, and 8 feet high. Forty-six UNIVACS are sold to businesses at prices starting at $600,000.TechnologyAn additional 70 broadcast frequencies are made available for TV in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) range. | Arts and LettersLiterature: J.D. Salinger (1919- ) publishes "The Catcher in the Rye." IdeasRachel Carson (1907-1964) publishes "The Sea Around Us," which in effect launches the ecological movement. | | EconomicsThe employment of women reaches the highest point-even more than during WWII. Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Julius (1918-1951) and Ethel (1915-1951) Rosenberg are found guilty of passing atomic secrets to the Russians and are sentenced to death as spies. | Sports Horse Racing: The first horse to win $1 million dollars is “Citation.” Winning total $1,085,760. Sports Boxing: The world heavyweight championship is won by Jersey Joe Walcott when he knocks out Ezzard Charles. At 37, Walcott is the oldest man to win the title. Sports Center fielder Willie Mays makes his major-league debut with the New York Giants. He goes on to win the 1951 National League Rookie of the Year award.Popular CultureThe first commercial color telecast is presented by the Columbia Broadcasting Company (CBS) in New York City. Popular CultureRodgers (1902-1979) and Hammerstein II (1895-1960) write the score for the King and I. | |
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1952 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsDwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969) is elected the 34th President of the U.S. and Richard M. Nixon (1913-1994) is elected the 36th Vice President on the Republican ticket. Eisenhower is the first Republican President since Hoover’s election in 1928. Republicans gain control of Congress. GovernmentEngland’s Princess Elizabeth becomes Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain.GovernmentImmigration: Congress passes the McCarran-Walter Act (Immigration and Nationality Act) over President Truman’s (1884-1972) veto. It abolishes race as a barrier to immigration but retains the national origins quota system. GovernmentImmigration: The Immigration and Nationality Act allows individuals of all races to be eligible for naturalization. The act also reaffirms national origins quota system, limits immigration from the Eastern Hemisphere while leaving the Western Hemisphere unrestricted, establishes preferences for skilled workers and relatives of U.S. citizens and permanent resident aliens; and tightens security and screening standards and procedures.GovernmentNative Americans: The Bureau of Indian Affairs begins selling 1.6 million acres of Native American land to developers. GovernmentPuerto Rico's constitution is proclaimed, establishing a commonwealth with autonomy in internal affairs. WarPrime Minister Churchill (1874-1965) announces that Great Britain has made an atomic bomb. | ScienceEdward Teller (1908-2003) successfully tests a hydrogen bomb, the world’s finest nuclear weapon. MedicineResearch shows that the genetic material of viruses is DNA. MedicineFloyd Lewis uses hypothermia (lowing a patients body temperature) in open heart surgery. MedicineVaccines: Jonas Salk (1914- 1995) develops the first polio vaccine.MedicineEpidemic: In the worst polio epidemic since 1916, polio takes 3,300 lives out of 57,628 cases reported.InventionsThe History of Toys: Jack Odell invents the original Matchbox car when he makes a small brass model of a Road Roller and puts it into a matchbox so that his daughter could bring it to school. Today, 100 million Matchbox cars are sold each year.TechnologyMore than 2000 new television broadcasting stations open; about 65 million people watch the presidential nomination conventions. | Arts and LettersLiterature: Flannery O’Connor (1925-1964) writes "Wise Blood," a novel about a religious fanatic. Arts and LettersHemingway (1899-1961) publishes "The Old Man and the Sea." | Ford, BettyJohn “Jack” Gardner Ford (1952- ), son of Gerald and Betty Ford, is born March 16. Carter, RosalynnDonnell Jeffrey “Jeff” Carter (1952- ), son of James “Jimmy” and Rosalynn Carter, is born August 18. Reagan, NancyPatricia “Patti Davis” Ann Reagan (1952- ), daughter of Ronald and Nancy Reagan, is born October 22. | EconomicsA complaint is filed against IBM, alleging monopolistic practices in its computer business, in violation of the Sherman Act.Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Banking on the idea that children like to play with their food, Hasbro introduces Mr. Potato Head. | Sports Racecar driver John Cobb is killed while attempting to set the water speed-record in Scotland. Sports The NFL buys the New York Yankees.Popular CulturePanty raids take place on college campuses throughout the country. Popular CultureHollywood develops three-dimensional movies. Natural Vision (3-D) films must be viewed through special glasses; after brief success, the novelty wears off. | ReligionThe Revised Standard Version of the Bible for Protestants is publishes; it is edited by 32 scholars who have been at work since 1937. ReformPeace Corps: Since the end of the Second World War, various members of the United States Congress have proposed bills to establish volunteer organizations in the Third World. In 1952 Senator Brien McMahon (1903-1952) (Dem. Connecticut) proposed an "army" of young Americans to act as "missionaries of democracy". Privately funded non-religious organizations have been sending volunteers overseas since the 1950s. |
1953 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawChief Justices: President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominates Earl Warren as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; the Senate confirms his nomination in 1954 and he serves for fifteen years until his retirement in 1969.PoliticsPresident Eisenhower (1890-1969) gets increasing pressure to take on McCarthy (1908-1957) from friends and advisors. Business leaders recognize that McCarthy is a danger to the party.GovernmentDwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969) is inaugurated as the 34th President of the U.S. and Richard M. Nixon (1913-1994) is inaugurated as the 36th Vice President.GovernmentImmigration: Congress amends the 1948 refugee policy to allow for the admission of 200,000 more refugees.GovernmentA new Cabinet-level Department of Health, Education, and Welfare is created. GovernmentNative Americans: Congress proposes giving individual Indians the same civil status as U.S. citizens, thus ending all limitations on Indian tribes. GovernmentTito (1892-1980) is elected the first president of the Republic of Yugoslavia.GovernmentDag Hammarskjold (1905-1961) of Sweden becomes the Secretary General of the United Nations.WarU.S blockade of Formosa is lifted, permitting attacks by Nationalists on China’s mainland. WarCold War: President Eisenhower (1890-1969) announces that the U.S. will not physically interfere in the affairs of countries behind the Iron Curtain. WarCold War: The U.S. Communist Party is ordered to register with the Department of Justice as an organization controlled and directed by the U.S.S.R.WarCold War: A federal jury in New York City convicts 13 Communists of conspiring to teach about how to overthrow the U.S. government. | ScienceFrancis H. Crick (1916-2004) and James Dewey Watson (1928- ) discover the structure of a DNA molecule; they call it the double helix.InventionsTransistorized hearing aids are introduced. TechnologyHarry Truman (1884-1972) announces that the U.S. has developed the hydrogen bomb.TechnologyA way of transmitting color TV signals that can be received by both color and black and white set is introduced. | Arts and LettersDrama: Arthur Miller (1915-1005) publishes "The Crucible." Arts and LettersLiterature: Richard Wright (1908-1961) publishes "The Outsider." | Bush, BarbaraJohn Ellis “Jeb” Bush (1953- ), son of George and Barbara Bush, is born February 11.Bush, BarbaraPauline Robinson “Robin” Bush (1949-1953), daughter of George and Barbara Bush, dies October 11 of leukemia. | EconomicsMotor Company: Ford Motor Company celebrates its 50th anniversary. DiscoveryWomen’s Firsts: Jerrie Cobb (1931- …) is the first woman in the U.S. to undergo astronaut testing. NASA, however, cancels the women''s program in 1963. It is not until 1983 that an American woman gets sent into space. Daily LifeFashion: Fashion designers become interested in men’s clothes. Bermuda shorts for the businessman are promoted and worn during the summer months. | Sports Baseball: The New York Yankees defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 50th annual World Series. The Yankees are the first team to win 5 consecutive series titles. Sports Golf: Golfer Ben Hogan (1912-1997) wins the Masters Tournament and the U.S. and British Open championships.Sports Maureen Connolly (1934-1969), age 19, is the first woman to win a “grand slam” in tennis. Sports Black Athletes: Football: Willie Thrower (1930-2002) becomes NFL''s first African-American quarterback. Popular CultureLucy Ricardo (Lucille Ball) (1911-1989) gives birth to baby Ricky on the TV show, "I Love Lucy." More people turned in to watch the show than did to see the inauguration of President Dwight Eisenhower (1890-1969).Popular CultureThe first three-D movie, "Bwana Devil," opens in New York.Popular CultureThe Academy Awards are televised for the first time. | |
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1954 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawEducation: The Supreme Court rules in Brown v. Topeka Board of Education that “separate but equal” educational facilities are unconstitutional. GovernmentThe Senate censures Senator Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957) with a vote of 67-22, with 7 abstentions.GovernmentU.S. signs pact with Nationalist China (now Taiwan).GovernmentThe Communist Control Act deprives U.S. Communists of rights enjoyed by other U.S. citizens. WarAmerica’s first nuclear-powered submarine, the U.S.S. Nautilus, is launched.WarSenate approves U.S. South Korea Mutual Defense Treaty. | MedicineThe American Cancer Society reports higher death rates among cigarette smokers. InventionsKurchatov (1903-1960) develops an icebreaker powered by nuclear energy. TechnologyU.S. and Canada announce the construction of the Distant Early Warning (DEW) line of radar stations across northern North America.TechnologyBattery Technology: RCA develops a flashlight-sized atomic battery. TechnologyThe U.S. authorizes construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway in cooperation with Canada. | EducationPublic Education: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. The Supreme Court unanimously agrees that segregated schools are "inherently unequal" and must be abolished. Almost 45 years later in 1998, schools, especially in the north, are as segregated as ever.Arts and LettersLiterature: J. R. R. Tolkien (1892-1973) publishes the epic fantasy trilogy "Lord of the Rings." Arts and LettersLiterature: William Golding (1911-1993) publishes "Lord of the Flies."Arts and LettersLiterature: Kingsley Amis (1922-1995) publishes "Lucky Jim." | | EconomicsThe Atomic Energy Act allows for the development of peaceful atomic energy project by private companies, which are also allowed to own nuclear materials. DiscoveryPlant fossils are discovered in the Great Lakes. DiscoveryTemple of Mithras (Roman god, 3rd century B.C) is discovered during rebuilding in London.Daily Life26 comic book publishers adopt a voluntary code to eliminate obscene, vulgar, and horror comics.Daily LifeThe average American’s favorite meal is a fruit cup, vegetable soup, steak and potatoes, peas, rolls and butter, and pie a la mode. | Sports Baseball: Hank Aaron (1934- ) hits the first of his 755 home runs.Sports Horse Racing: Gordon Richards (1904-1986) is the first professional jockey to be knighted. Sports British runner Diane Leather (1933-) is the first woman to run the mile in under 5 minutes. Popular CultureThe first Newport Jazz festival takes place. | |
1955 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentWinston Churchill (1874-1965) resigns as Prime Minister of England.WarCongress authorizes the President to use force, if necessary, to protect Nationalist China against Communist attack. WarCold War: Federal employees who are “security risks” continue to be dismissed an ongoing policy since 1953. | ScienceThe National Geographic Society suggests that the blue-green areas on Mars are living plants. MedicineVaccines: The polio vaccine created by Dr. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) is called “safe, effective and potent.”TechnologyElectricity for public use is produced on a limited and experimental basis at a nuclear reactor. | EducationLibraries: The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County opens a new main library.EducationPublic Education: Brown v. Board: In Brown II, the Court orders that desegregation should occur “with all deliberate speed.” Unfortunately, the vagueness of this phrase, combined with the unwillingness of many states to desegregate, meant that many states were able to postpone any desegregation. Anger over these delays and a growing frustration over the continued disenfranchisement of African-Americans helped launch the Civil Rights Movement.Arts and LettersMarian Anderson (1897-1993) makes her Metropolitan Opera debut.Arts and LettersLiterature: Thomas Merton (1915-1968) publishes "No Man is an Island." Arts and LettersDrama: Tennesse Williams (1911-1983) writes "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof." | Bush, BarbaraNeil Mallon Bush (1955- ), son of George and Barbara Bush, is born January 22. | EconomicsThe Labor Movement: American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) merge. EconomicsCommercial television broadcasting begins in Britain. Daily LifeOn July 17, Arco, Idaho, becomes the first town to have all its electrical needs generated by a nuclear power plant. Daily LifeNew York also draws power from a nuclear power plant. | Popular CulturePresident Eisenhower (1890-1969) approves the first filming of a news conference for television. Popular CultureThe first McDonald’s restaurant is opened by Ray Kroc (1902-1984) in Des Plaines, Illinois.Popular CultureJim Henson (1936-1990) creates Kermit the frog.Popular CultureRock ‘n’ roll music is attacked as “immoral” and is thought to contribute to juvenile delinquency. | ReligionOrdination of women ministers is approved by the Presbyterian Church. ReformCivil Rights Movement: Blacks boycott city bus lines in Montgomery, Alabama. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968), boycott leader, gains national prominence for advocating passive resistance to segregation in public places. ReformThe National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) encourages and supports segregation movement throughout the country. |
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1956 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsDwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969) and Richard M. Nixon (1913-1994) are reelected as President and Vice President of the United StatesGovernmentThe Agriculture (Soil Bank) Act pays farmers to take cropland out of production in order to reduce crop surpluses. GovernmentThe Federal Aid Highway Act authorizes a 13-year intra and interstate highway building program to be funded by tolls paid by motorists. GovernmentMorocco gains its independence from France. | ScienceThe neutrino, a subatomic particle with no charge, is observed. MedicineThe National Cancer Institute proposes that increased rates of lung cancer may be due to air pollution. MedicineThe National Academy of Science reports that any radiation, even small amounts, can cause genetic damage. InventionsThe Hovercraft is invented.TechnologyEngland opens the world’s first major atomic power plant for the production of electricity. TechnologyPersonal Computers: The first transistorized computer is completed, the TX-O (Transistorized Experimental computer), at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. | IdeasCharles T.R. Wilson (1869-1959) proposes a theory of thunderstorm electricity. | Ford, BettySteven Meigs Ford (1956- ), son of Gerald and Betty Ford, is born May 19. Bush, BarbaraMarvin Pierce Bush (1956- ), son of George and Barbara Bush, is born December 22. | EconomicsThe Ford Motor Company goes public and, on Feb. 24, 1956, they have about 350,000 new stockholders.EconomicsA U.S. District Court makes a final judgment on the complaint against IBM filed in January 1952 regarding monopolistic practices. A "consent decree" is signed by IBM, placing limitations on how IBM conducts business with respect to "electronic data processing machines.”DiscoveryThe Palace of Emperor Diocletian (Roman Emperor A.D. 285-305) is excavated in Split, YugoslaviaDaily LifeBarnum & Bailey Circus performs its last show under canvas. Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Play-doh enters the market as a wallpaper cleaner. Non-toxic and less messy than regular modeling clay, it is soon recognized that the cleaner makes an excellent toy. | Sports Black Athletes: Mildred McDaniel's (1933-…) winning high jump in Melbourne, Australia, makes her the first African-American woman to win an Olympic gold medal.Sports Boxing: Rocky Marciano (1923-1969) retires as undefeated world heavyweight boxing champion.Popular CultureElvis Presley’s (1935-1977) record, "Heartbreak Hotel," hits No. 1 on the pop charts.Popular CultureMovies and movie stars are allowed to appear on TV for the first time.Popular CultureThe Broadway musical, "My Fair Lady" gains recognition. Popular CultureDizzie Gillespie (1917-1993) and his band are sent by the U.S. State Department on a goodwill tour-the first jazz musicians to be subsidized by the U.S. government. | Social IssuesSegregation: Southern Congressman call on states to resist “by all lawful means” the Supreme Court ruling against segregation in the public schools. |
1957 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentThe U.S. proposes a 10-month halt to nuclear testing as a first step toward disarmament. GovernmentStamps: The Citizen's Stamp Advisory Committee is created to provide advice to the Postmaster General on the subject matter and design of US stamps.WarWorld War II: U.S. occupation forces leave Japan. WarA Senate subcommittee holds hearings on U.S. preparedness to withstand Soviet military attack. | ScienceThe Federation of American Scientists urges a worldwide ban on nuclear weapon testing. ScienceSpace Race: In October, the Soviet Union successfully launches the first artificial satellite, called Sputnik I (the Russian word for "traveler"; in November, they launch Sputnik 2, which carries a small dog named Laika into orbit.MedicineVaccines: Albert Sabin (1906-1993) begins human trials on his oral polio vaccine.MedicineWalter Grey Walter (1910-1977) invents the brain EEG topography (toposcope).MedicineDaniele Bovet (1896-1980) wins the Nobel Prize for his discovery of antihistamines and muscle relaxing drugs. TechnologyPerceptron, a bionic computer that prints, writes, and responds to spoken commands is developed. | EducationPublic Education: A federal court orders integration of Little Rock, Arkansas public schools. Governor Orval Faubus sends his National Guard to physically prevent nine African American students from enrolling at all-white Central High School. Reluctantly, President Eisenhower sends federal troops to enforce the court order not because he supports desegregation, but because he can't let a state governor use military power to defy the U.S. federal government. | Kennedy, JackieCaroline Kennedy Schlossberg (1957-), daughter of John and Jacqueline Kennedy, is born November 27.Ford, BettySusan Ford Vance Bales (1957- ), daughter of Gerald and Betty Ford, is born July 6. | EconomicsAmerica’s first large nuclear power plant opens in Shippingport, Pa. EconomicsAmerican Money: Paper currency is first issued with "In God We Trust" as required by Congress in 1955. Daily LifeFashion: The sack dress, unfitted material that drapes the body, is the fashion of the year. | Sports Baseball: The Dodgers leave Brooklyn for Los Angeles. The Giants leave New York for San Francisco. Major league baseball finally reaches the west coast.Sports Women in Sports: Black Athletes: Althea Gibson (1927-2003) becomes the first black person to play in and win Wimbledon and the United States national tennis championship. She won both tournaments twice, in 1957 and 1958. Popular CultureThe Beatles: John Lennon (1940-1980) meets Paul McCartney (1942- ) on July 6, 1957. | |
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1958 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentNikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) becomes Soviet premier and first secretary of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union.GovernmentThe Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) is established to ensure air safety. WarThe Defense Reorganization Act centralizes defense structure so that the U.S. can respond more quickly to a nuclear attack by the U.S.S.R. | ScienceSpace Race: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is established. TechnologySpace Race: Explorer I, the first U.S. earth satellite, is launched; Explorer II is launched, but fails to make orbit; the Soviet Union launches Sputnit 3; the U.S. launches Vanguard 1, which functions for 3 years.TechnologyStereo LPs are introduced. TechnologyThere are 160 electronic computers in use in Europe (1000 in U.S.)TechnologyPersonal Computers: At Texas Instruments, Jack Kilby (1923-2005) completes building the first integrated circuit, containing five components on a piece of germanium half an inch long and thinner than a toothpick. | EducationCrayola: Prussian blue, the first Crayola crayon color to get a new name, becomes "midnight blue." Teachers prompted the change, as children could no longer relate to Prussian history.EducationThe Supreme Court orders states to not delay public school desegregation. EducationThe National Defense Education Act is signed; this authorizes low-interest, long-term tuition loans to college and graduate students. Arts and LettersDrama: Tennessee Williams (1911-1983) publishes "Suddenly Last Summer." Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: Television penetration reaches 85% of population.IdeasBionics is a word coined to describe artificial machines or systems that work and or look like living systems. | Reagan, NancyRonald Prescott Reagan (1958- ), son of Ronald and Nancy Reagan, is born May 20. | DiscoverySir Edmund Hillary (1919- ) reaches the South Pole overland.DiscoveryExplorer Sir Vivian Fuchs (1908-1999) completes the first crossing of Antarctica by land.Daily LifeThe first parking meters are used in London. Daily LifeCrayola: The Crayola 64 Box with its signature built-in sharpener debuts, becoming the perennial favorite of Crayola colorers for more than 40 years. | Sports Black Athletes: Willie O’Ree (1935-…) is one of the NHL hockey players in Boston Bruins.Sports Women in Sports: Women are admitted to the international cycling championships.Popular CultureAt age 14, Bobby Fischer (1943- ) wins the U.S. Chess Championship for the first time.Popular CultureRock ‘n’ roll star Elvis Presley (1935-1977) begins a two-year hitch in the U.S. army.Popular CultureDuke Ellington (1899-1974) composes the song "Satin Doll." | ReligionU.S. churches report large increases in membership since 1950. ReligionJudaism: The Supreme Religious Center for World Jewry is dedicated in Jerusalem, Israel. |
1959 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Supreme Court rules that a person can be tried for the same offense in both state and federal courts (double jeopardy). GovernmentNew State: Alaska becomes the 49th state in the Union.GovernmentCharles de Gaulle (1890-1970) becomes the first president of France’s Fifth Republic.GovernmentFidel Castro (1926- ) becomes the leader of Cuba after having ousted the right-wing dictator, Fulgencio Batista (1901-1973).GovernmentAmerican Flag: The Executive Order of President Eisenhower dated January 3, 1959 establishes the arrangement of the stars in seven rows of seven stars each, staggered horizontally and vertically. | ScienceInternational Atomic Energy Agency is formed to explore peaceful uses of atomic energy. ScienceHeat produced in a nuclear reaction is converted directly into electricity via a plasma thermocouple. ScienceSpace Race: NASA selects the first 7 astronauts. TechnologySpace Race: The first spacecraft to orbit the Sun, Mechta (Luna 1) is launched by the USSR in January; Luna 2 impacts the moon in September; Luna 3 orbits the moon in October, photographing 70% of its surface.TechnologyGE demonstrates a radio-optical telescope tracking station for following and monitoring space vehicles. TechnologyPersonal Computers: At Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce (1927-1990) constructs an integrated circuit with components connected by aluminum lines on a silicon-oxide surface layer on a plane of silicon.TechnologySpace Race: The U.S. launches Pioneer 4, which passes within 37,000 miles of the moon. | Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: The San Francisco Mime Troupe created by R. G. Davis is established. Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: The Ford Foundation funds the regional theatre program but it cannot continue because of a lack of subsequent investments. Arts and LettersDrama: Lorraine Hansberry (1930-1965) publishes "Raisin in the Sun." Arts and LettersDrama: Eugene Ionesco (1912-1994) writes the play "Rhinoceros." | Bush, BarbaraLives of the First Ladies: Dorothy “Doro” Bush Koch (1959- ), daughter of George and Barbara Bush, is born August 18. | EconomicsThe Ford Motor Company establishes what today is the industry’s largest automobile leasing company known as Ford Credit. More than 40 years later, it’s still helping make vehicle ownership a more affordable reality for many. Daily LifeThe History of Toys: The Barbie doll is introduced at the American Toy Fair in New York City by Elliot Handler, founder of Mattel Toys, and his wife, Ruth. | Sports The largest fish ever hooked with a rod and reel is landed by Alfred Dean in South Australia; the fish is a white shark measuring 16 feet and 10 inches and weighed 2,664 pounds.Sports Football: The American Football League is formed. Popular CultureRichard Rodgers (1902-1979) and Oscar Hammerstein (1895-1960) compose the score for "The Sound of Music." | ReligionThe Dalai Lama receives political asylum from India, after fleeing Chinese repression of a Tibetan revolt.ReligionPope John XXIII (1881-1963) calls for Vatican Council II, the first ecumenical council since 1870.Social IssuesImmigration: Fidel Castro’s Cuban revolution prompts mass exodus of more than 200,000 people within three years. ReformLabor Movement: Nationwide steel strike lasts 116 days; this is the longest steel strike in U.S. history. |
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1960 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Twenty-third Amendment to the Constitution, enabling residents of the District of Columbia to vote for President and Vice President in national elections, is passed by Congress.PoliticsJohn F. Kennedy (1917-1963) is elected as the 35th President of the United States, and Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) is elected as the nation's 37th Vice President.PoliticsPresident Eisenhower (1890-1969) makes goodwill tours in the Far East and Latin America.GovernmentWomen’s Firsts: Oveta Culp Hobby (1905-1995) becomes the first woman to serve as Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. She is also the first director of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), and the first woman to receive the U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal. WarCuban Missile Crisis: December 19, Cuba openly aligns itself with the Soviet Union and their policies.WarCold War: U-2 photographic reconnaissance plane is shot down over Soviet territory. Premier Khrushchev denounces U.S. spying missions. WarU.S. warns North Vietnam and Communist China not to intervene militarily in Laos. | ScienceNobel Prize in chemistry goes to W. Libby (1908-1980) for developing radiocarbon dating. ScienceD. Glaser (1926-) is awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for inventing the bubble chamber. TechnologySpace Race: The world’s first meteorological satellite, Tiros I, is launched to provide pictures of cloud cover.TechnologyAirplanes: The X-15, an experimental rocket powered airplane, is flown at 2196 mph.TechnologyPersonal Computers: Digital Equipment introduces the first minicomputer, the PDP-1, selling for $120,000. It is the first commercial computer equipped with a keyboard and monitor. TechnologySpace Race: The U.S. launches Discoverer XIV, its first camera-equipped spy satellite. | Arts and LettersLiterature: Harper Lee (1926- ) publishes "To Kill a Mockingbird." | Kennedy, JackieJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. (1960-1999), son of John and Jacqueline Kennedy, is born November 25. | EconomicsPeace Corps: John F. Kennedy launches the idea of the Peace Corps at the University of Michigan during a campaign stop in his presidential bid. Critics of the program (including Kennedy''s opponent, Richard M. Nixon (1913-1994)) claim the program will be nothing but a haven for draft dodgers. Others doubt whether college-aged volunteers have the necessary skills.DiscoveryWomen’s Firsts: Jacqueline Cochran (1906-1980) breaks the sound barrier by flying an F-86 over Rogers Dry Lake, California, at the speed of 652.337 miles per hour. Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Ohio Art markets the first Etch-a-Sketch, invented by Arthur Granjean in the late 1950s, and originally called L'Ecran Magique. Daily LifeDisasters: A United Airlines plane collides with a Trans World Airlines plane in a fog over New York City; the crash kills a total of 134 people on board and on the ground. Daily LifeWomen’s transcontinental air race is won by Mrs. Aileen Saunders. She flies 2709 miles in 18 hours and 7 minutes. | Sports Black Athletes: Rafer Johnson 91935-…) is named by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) to be the recipient of the James E. Sullivan Memorial Award in 1960, the highest award for an amateur athlete in the United StatesPopular CultureAlfred Hitchcock (1899-1980) releases the suspense thriller, "Psycho." Popular CultureThe Beatles: Coming together as The Fabulous Silver Beatles, later shortened to The Beatles, the name of the band is a tribute to Buddy Holly's (1936-1959) band, The Crickets, combined with beat music, a common British term for rock and roll at the time. Popular CultureChubby Checker (1941-) causes an international dance craze when he records "The Twist." Popular CulturePopular musicals include "The Fantasticks," "Bye, Bye Birdie," and "Camelot." | ReligionThree women are ordained as priests in the Swedish Lutheran Church. ReformCivil Rights Movement: Four black college students begin a series of sit-ins at a white-only lunch counter in Woolworth’s, Greensboro, South Carolina.
ReformPeace Corps: John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) first announces his idea for a volunteer organization during the 1960 presidential campaign at a late-night speech at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor on October 14. |
1961 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Twenty-third Amendment to the Constitution, enabling residents of the District of Columbia to vote for President and Vice President in national elections, is ratified by two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution.GovernmentJohn F. Kennedy (1917-1963) is inaugurated as the 35th President of the United States, and Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) is inaugurated as the nation's 37th Vice President.
GovernmentSpace Race: President Kennedy (1917-1963) addresses Congress, challenging the nation to go to the moon before the end of the decade.GovernmentPeace Corps: President Kennedy (1917-1963) signs an Executive Order which officially starts the Peace Corps, and names Sargent Shriver (1915-) to be the program's first director. Concerned with the growing tide of revolutionary sentiment in the Third World, Kennedy saw the Peace Corps as a means of countering the notions of the "Ugly American" and "Yankee imperialism," especially in the emerging nations of postcolonial Africa and Asia.
WarCuban Missile Crisis: Fifteen hundred Cuban exiles unsuccessfully attempt to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs; U.S. support for the attack is equally unsuccessful; President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) accepts sole responsibility for the Bay of Pigs failure.
| ScienceThe Institute for Space Studies holds a two-month seminar on the origin of the solar system. MedicineThe Chicago Heart Association begins recording children’s heart sounds as a means of detecting defects. TechnologySpace Race: Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin becomes the first human in space and also the first human to orbit the earth in a spacecraft; later in the year, Gherman Titov spends a day in space aboard Vostok 2.TechnologyTransit 4A, a communications satellite, is the first spacecraft to use nuclear power. | Arts and LettersLiterature: "Tropic of Cancer" and "Tropic of Capricorn," two novels by Henry Miller (1891-1980), are published in the U.S. after a 30- year ban for obscenity. Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: The Bread and Puppet Theatre is created; the form is expressionistic and propagandistic. It uses puppets and masked actors who ritually offer bread to the audience. IdeasMurray Gell-Mann (1929- ) develops the Eight-Fold Way, a method of grouping subatomic particles into families. | | EconomicsPeace Corps: President Kennedy (1917-1963) establishes the Peace Corps to give trained manpower and technical assistance to underdeveloped countries.DiscoverySpace Race: Alan B. Shepard becomes the first American in space; Gus Grissom is launched in a sub-orbital flight.Daily LifeFrance and England connect their electrical grids with a cable submerged in the English Channel. Daily LifePresident John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) holds the first presidential news conference carried live on radio and television.Daily LifeDisasters: A fire in Bel Air-Brentwood destroys 447 homes, including some owned by well-known Hollywood figures. | Sports Baseball: Roger Maris (1934-1985) of the New York Yankees hits his 60th home run and sets the record for a 162-game schedule. Sports Women in Sports: Black Athletes: Wilma Rudolph (1940-1994) is the first African-American woman to receive the Sullivan Award (1961), the highest award in U.S. amateur sports.Popular CultureThe Beatles: Brian Epstein (1934-1967) agrees to become the band's full-time manager.Popular CultureThe Beatles: The Beatles play their first gig at Liverpool's Cavern Club, return to Hamburg, record backing for the singer Tony Sheridan; the single, "My Bonnie", was released in Germany, and credited to Tony Sheridan and the Beat Boys. It was the Beatles' first commercial release.Popular CulturePete Seeger (1919- ) composes “Where Have All the Flowers Gone.” | ReligionThe American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America merge to form the Unitarian Universalists Social IssuesImmigration: The Cuban Refugee Program handles influx of immigrants to Miami with 300,000 immigrants relocated across the U.S. during the next two decades. Social IssuesNative Americans: Over 500 Native Americans gather for the American Indian Chicago Conference to support tribal sovereignty and survival.ReformCivil Rights Movement: This year marks the beginning of the Freedom Rides, and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s only visit to Seattle where he spoke at two assemblies at Garfield High School.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: In Hoyt v. Florida, the U.S. Supreme Court upholds rules adopted by the state of Florida that made it far less likely for women than men to be called for jury service on the grounds that a “woman is still regarded as the center of home and family life.” |
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1962 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the Constitution, banning poll taxes, is passed by Congress.LawEducation: The Supreme Court rules that public schools cannot require the recitation of prayers because it violates the First Amendment to the Constitution.GovernmentStamps: The first U.S. Christmas stamp is issued.GovernmentThe Trade Expansion Act gives the President the right to reduce tariffs and to assist companies hurt by lower duties. WarCold War: The Soviet Union exchanges captured American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers (1929-1977) for Rudolph Abel, a Soviet spy held by the United States.WarVietnam War: U.S. troops on a training mission in Vietnam are ordered to fire if fired upon by enemy troops. A new military command, known as the Military Assistance Command (MAC) is set up in South Vietnam. WarCuban Missile Crisis: In a face-to-face standoff with Cuba over Russian missils on the island 90 miles from the continental United States, President Kennedy and Nikita Krushchev bring the world to the brink of war, the Kremlin ultimately agrees to remove the missiles. | ScienceMarshall Nirenberg (1927- ) discovers the genetic code (DNA structure) for amino acid. ScienceJacques Cousteau (1910-1997) publishes "The Living Sea," a work about underwater life. MedicineVaccines: First Oral Polio Vaccine is used.MedicineCadrioversion, the use of electric shock to restore a regular heartbeat, is introduced. TechnologySpace Race: John Glenn (1921- ) becomes the first American to orbit the Earth three times; Scott Carpenter repleats that feat; Walter Schirra orbits six times. Mariner 2 flies past Venus, and NASA selects its second group of astronauts.TechnologySpace Race: The Soviets launch two manned spacecrafts: Vostok 3 and Vostok 4. | IdeasJessica Mitford (1917-1996) publishes the controversial book "The American Way of Death;" it creates a great deal of interest in low cost yet very dignified burials. | | Daily LifeThe World’s Fair, Century 21 Exposition, opens in Seattle. The 600-ft Space Needle with a revolving restaurant on top is a popular attraction. Daily LifeBritish weather reports give temperatures in Celsius as well as Fahrenheit. Daily LifeHistory of Toys: Crayola: The Company renames the flesh crayon "peach" to recognize that not everyone’s skin color is the same. | Sports Women in Sports: Black Athletes: Jackie Robinson (1919–1972) becomes the first African American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Sports Basketball: Philadelphia basketball star Wilt Chamberlain (1936-1999) scores an NBA-record 100 points in a single game.Popular CultureThe Beatles: Brian Epstein arranges for the Beatles to audition for Decca Records, which rejects the band on the grounds that guitar music is "on the way out"; they are later signed by EMI. | ReligionPope John XXIII (1881-1963) excommunicates Fidel Castro (1926).ReligionThe Vatican Council II opens in Rome, called by Pope John XXIII (in 1959) to promote Christian unity. ReformAmerican Protest Music: “The Death of Emmett Till” is composed by Bob Dylan (1941-) during the Civil Rights Movement. |
1963 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawIn "Gideon v. Wainwright," the Supreme Court holds that public defenders must be provided for indigent defendants in felony cases.GovernmentGeorge Wallace (1919-1998), sworn in as Alabama’s governor, promises “segregation forever.”GovernmentStamps: The Zone Improvement Plan (ZIP) code -- a five digit number -- began on July 1, 1963. The first number designates the state or area; the next two numbers, the area within that state or area; and the last two digits, the office itself. GovernmentLyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) is inaugurated as the nation's 36th President upon the assassination of President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963). No new Vice President is selected.WarThe U.S. and the U.S.S.R. agree to set up a “hot-line,” a direct telephone link between Washington and Moscow, to prevent the start of nuclear war by accident. | MedicineDr. Michael E. DeBakey (1908-2008) develops a mechanical heart that is implanted in the chest to help the patient’s own heart pump.MedicineVaccines: John F. Enders (1897-1985), T. H Weller (1915-2005), and Frederick C. Robbins (1916-2003) develop an effective measles vaccine.InventionsComputers: Douglas Engelbart (1925- ) invents the mouse pointing device for computers.TechnologyPolaroid introduces color film. TechnologyColor TV is relayed via satellite for the first time. | EducationAn education report in Britain indicates that children should not be allowed to leave school before age 16. EducationLibraries: Detroit Public Library issues skates to library student assistants so they can move quickly in the 230-foot-long stacks.Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: The Free Southern Theatre is formed with the intention of raisin cultural awareness of blacks through white tradition. Arts and LettersLiterature: Susan Sontag (1933- ) publishes "The Benefactor," a novel about people who are unable to distinguish reality from fantasy. Arts and LettersSoviet authorities begin a campaign to suppress “artistic rebels.” | Kennedy, JackiePatrick Bouvier Kennedy (1963), son of John and Jacqueline Kennedy, is born prematurely on August 7 at Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts and dies August 9 of the same year in Boston because his lungs were too undeveloped to sustain him. | Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Alcatraz Prison in San Francisco Bay, is closed.Daily LifeWinston Churchill (1874-1965) posthumously becomes the first honorary U.S. citizen. | Popular CultureThe first discotheque, the Whiskey-A-Go-Go, opens in Los Angeles.Popular Culture"General Hospital," the daytime soap opera, airs on ABC for the first time.Popular Culture"Cleopatra," the most expensive motion picture to date ($37 million), opens in New York City and in theatres nationwide.Popular CultureThe Beatles: Beatlemania as a chaotic cultural phenomenon begins in Britain on October 13, 1963 with a televised appearance at the London Palladium. | ReligionThe Catholic Church approves the use of vernacular languages- English in the U.S. - in place of Latin for parts of the Mass and for sacraments.ReformCivil Rights Movement: Civil rights demonstrations occur throughout the country. Medgar W. Evers (1925-1963), Field Secretary for the NAACP, is shot an killed in Jackson, Mississippi. ReformWomen's Rights Movement: The Equal Pay Act is passed by Congress, promising equitable wages for the same work, regardless of the race, color, religion, national origin or sex of the worker. |
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1964 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe 24th Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting poll taxes, is ratified by two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution.PoliticsLyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) is elected President of the U.S. in his own right, and Hubert H. Humphrey (1911-1978) is elected the 38th Vice President.GovernmentStamps: The United States starts printing stamps of different designs on one sheet known as se-tenants. The Christmas issue of 1964 was the first year different designs were printed on the same pane of stamps. GovernmentCivil Rights Movement: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ensures voting rights and prohibits housing discrimination. GovernmentWomen’s Firsts: Margaret Chase Smith (1897-1995), of Maine, becomes the first woman nominated for president of the United States by a major political party, at the Republican National Convention in San Francisco. GovernmentLyndon Johnson (1908-1973) announces his war on poverty. | ScienceThe U.S. Navy begins its Sealab experimental program to determine if people can live and work for extended periods of time at the bottom of the ocean. ScienceBritish scientists leave England in large numbers for the U.S. - the “Brain Drain.”MedicineThe first government report regarding the dangers of cigarette smoking is issued by Luther Terry (1911-1985), the U.S. Surgeon General.MedicineVaccines: First vaccine for Measles is used.InventionsBullet train transportation is invented.TechnologyPersonal Computers: At Dartmouth College, in Hanover, New Hampshire, the BASIC programming language runs for the first time. Developed by professors John Kemeny (1926-1992) and Thomas Kurtz (1928 -), BASIC is an acronym for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
| EducationLibraries: Twenty-five Freedom Libraries are established throughout Mississippi by a group of librarian volunteers in the civil rights movement.EducationPublic Education: Civil Rights Movement: In response to protests, and the often violent reaction to them, Congress passed several pieces of legislation seeking to end racial discrimination. These included the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the Higher Education Act, the Voting Rights Act, the Fair Housing Act, and the Bilingual Education Act.EducationPublic Education: Despite a number of Supreme Court cases and national legislation, less than 1 percent of all black children in the south went to a desegregated school.Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: The Black Arts Repertoire Theatre School is formed. Arts and LettersArchitecture: Edward Durell Stone (1902-1978) designs the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington. D.C.IdeasWalter R. Hess (1881-1973) publishes "The Biology of the Mind." | | EconomicsFord introduces its Mustang at the New York World''s Fair.Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Jack Ruby (1911-1967) is found guilty of the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald (1939-1963), alleged assassin of President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963).Daily LifeDisasters: The most violent earthquake (8.3) in North America strikes Anchorage, Alaska. | Sports Boxing: Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali) (1942- ) becomes world heavyweight boxing champion for the first time by knocking out Sonny Liston (1932-1971) in Miami Beach.Popular CultureThe Beatles: The Beatles arrive in the U.S. for the first time, appearing on the Ed Sullivan Show; they also release their first album, "Meet the Beatles."Popular CultureThe Rolling Stones release their first album.Popular Culture"Mary Poppins," a film starring Dick van Dyke (1925- ) and Julie Andrews (1935- ) becomes the most successful Disney film to date. | ReformWomen's Rights Movement: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act passes including a prohibition against employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. |
1965 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Constitution, establishing Presidential succession, is passed by Congress.GovernmentLyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) is inaugurated President of the U.S. in his own right, and Hubert H. Humphrey (1911-1978) is inaugurated as the 38th Vice President.GovernmentCapital Punishment: The death penalty is abolished in Britain. GovernmentImmigration: The Immigration Act of 1965 abolishes quota system in favor of quota systems with 20,000 immigrants per country limits. Preference is given to immediate families of immigrants and skilled workers.GovernmentWomen’s Firsts: Patsy Takemoto Mink (1927—2002), of Hawaii, is the first Asian-American woman elected to Congress. She served in the U.S. House of Representatives for 24 years. GovernmentThe Maple Leaf Flag officially becomes the new national flag of Canada. | ScienceNobel Prize for Chemistry goes to R. Woodard for developing methods of synthesizing organic substances. MedicineFrank Pantridge (1916- 2004) installs the first portable defibrillator.TechnologySpace Race: Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov becomes the first man to walk in space. | EducationPublic Education: The U.S. spends more than $26.2 billion for public school education: $654 per student. Arts and LettersPoetry: "Ariel," a collection of poems by Sylvia Plath (1932-1963), is published posthumously by her husband, English poet, Ted Hughes (1930-1998). Arts and LettersDrama: Neil Simon (1927- ) writes the play "The Odd Couple." Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: The El Teatro Campesino is established by Luis Valdez for National Farm Workers Association; the purpose of the organization is to perform dramatizations that can educate farm laborers in California. Arts and LettersThe National Endowment of the Arts is established and begins a period of development of federal public support for major regional arts institutions. | | DiscoverySandage (1926- ) discovers blue galaxies. They are similar to quasars, but do not give off radio waves. DiscoverySpace Exploration: France becomes the third country with space exploration capabilities when they launch their satellite A-1.Daily LifeThere are more than 5 million color television sets in the U.S. Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Stanley Weston creates a doll for boys--G.I. Joe--based on a new television show called "The Lieutenant." | Sports Women in Sports: Golf: The Women''s Golf Open is televised nationally for the first time.Popular CultureThe popular game show "Jeopardy" debuts on television.Popular CultureSonny Bono (1935-1998) and his wife Cher (1946- ) achieve fame with their song “I Got You, Babe.”Popular CultureThe Beatles: Queen Elizabeth II (1926- ) awards each of the four Beatles Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). Popular CultureThe Beatles: The Beatles start their second North American tour at Shea Stadium, which is the first rock concert to be held in a venue of that size. | Social IssuesImmigration: “Freedom flight” airlifts begin for Cuban refugees assisting more than 260,000 people over the next eight years.ReformCivil Rights Movement: Peaceful civil rights marchers from Selma, Alabama, and brutally attacked with billy clubs and tear gas by police on the Edmund Pettus Bridge; the event becomes known as “Bloody Sunday.”ReformCivil Rights Movement: Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) again leads the start of a civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama; on March 25, the 25,000-person march ends its journey on the steps of the State Capitol in Montgomery.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: Weeks v. Southern Bell, 408 F. 2d. 228 (5th Cir. 1969), marks a major triumph in the fight against restrictive labor laws and company regulations on the hours and conditions of women's work, opening many previously male-only jobs to women. |
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1966 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawCivil Rights Movement: The Supreme Court upholds the Voting Rights Act of 1965. PoliticsIleana Ros-Lehtinen (1952- …), of Florida, becomes the first Hispanic woman elected to Congress. She serves in the U.S. House of Representatives. GovernmentImmigration: The Cuban Refugee Act permits more than 400,000 people to enter the United States.GovernmentIndira Gandhi (1917-1984) is elected prime minister of India.GovernmentThe Cabinet-level Department of Transportation is established. WarVietnam War: The U.S. increases its military strength in Vietnam and its bombing of the North. | SciencePresident Johnson’s (1908-1973) Science Advisory Committee publishes "Effective Use of the Sea." InventionsThe History of Toys: Elliot Handler, one of the co-founders of Mattel, Inc., invents Hot Wheels when he decides to add axles and rotating wheels to small model cars. TechnologyPersonal Computers: Steven Gray founds the Amateur Computer Society, and begins publishing the ACS Newsletter. (Some consider this to be the birth-date of personal computing). TechnologySpace Race: Neil Armstrong (1930- ) and David Scott (1932- ), astronauts on board Gemini 8, rendezvous and dock with an unmanned target vehicle. TechnologySpace Race: Survivor I achieves a soft landing on the Moon and sends back 11,237 photographs. | Arts and LettersDrama: Elia Kazan (1909-2003) writes the play, "The Arrangement." IdeasFrancis Crick (1916-2004) publishes "Of Molecules and Men." | | EconomicsRailroad History: The Interstate Commerce Commission approves the merger of the New York Central and the Pennsylvania railroads. EconomicsThe Motor Vehicle Safety Act sets the standard for all American automobiles built after 1968. Daily LifeThe Uniform Time Act establishes that daylight savings time is to be observed throughout the country from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October.Daily LifeThe Salvation Army celebrates its 100th anniversary. Daily LifeFashion: Miniskirts come into fashion. Daily LifeCongress enacts the truth and packaging law, which requires that clear and correct statements about the ingredients in about 8000 drug, cosmetic, and food products are printed for the consumer. | Sports Soccer: England defeats West Germany to win the World Cup in soccer. Sports Baseball: Astroturf, the first artificial sports surface, is installed in the Houston Astrodome.Popular CultureThe Beatles: On July 2, 1966, The Beatles became the first musical group to perform at the Nippon Budokan Hall in Tokyo. The performance ignited a lot of protest from local citizens who felt that it was inappropriate for a rock-and-roll band to play at Budokan.Popular Culture"Batman" debuts on television.Popular CultureTolkien’s "The Lord of the Rings" enjoys cultish popularity in the U.S. | Social IssuesHate Groups: Ku Klux Klan makes attacks against blacks and civil rights workers in the South. ReformCivil Rights Movement: Race riots occur in slum areas of Chicago, Cleveland, and other cities. Congress authorizes funds to assist rebuilding programs. |
1967 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawThe 25th Amendment to the Constitution, establishing presidential succession, is ratified by two-thirds of the states and added to the Constitution.LawAppointed by President Lyndon Johnson 1905-1973), Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993) becomes the first African American to sit on the Supreme Court. GovernmentThe first African-American senator elected by popular vote, Edward Brooke (1919- ) of Massachusetts, takes his seat. GovernmentPeace Corps: Until about 1967, applicants to the Peace Corps had to pass a placement test that tested "general aptitude" (knowledge of various skills needed for various Peace Corps assignments) and language aptitude. | ScienceKornberg (1918- ) synthesizes biologically active DNA. MedicineElectroencephalographs (EEG) are teamed with computers to test the hearing of infants. Medicine10 million children are vaccinated against measles. MedicineAspirin is found to be a possible cause of ulcers. MedicineHigh blood cholesterol is determined to be a factor in heart disease. TechnologySpace Race: A fire on the launching pad kills astronauts Grissom (1926-1967), White (1930-1967), and Chaffee (1935-1967), and destroys the Apollo 1 spacecraft during a simulated launch at Cape Canaveral.Technology3-D holographic movies are developed, and computers are used to create music electronically. | EducationEvolution: Tennessee formally repeals the 1925 law banning the teaching of evolution made famous in the Scopes TrialArts and LettersAmerican Theatre: The New Lafayette Company is formed. | Johnson, Lady BirdWhite House Wedding: Lynda Bird Johnson (1944-), daughter of Lady Bird (1912 -) and Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973), marries Charles S. Robb (1939 -) in the White House.Carter, RosalynnAmy Carter Wentzel (1967- ), daughter of James “Jimmy” and Rosalynn Carter, is born October 19. | EconomicsThe establishment of Ford of Europe takes place. EconomicsWomen’s Firsts: Muriel "Mickey" Siebert (1932- …) becomes the first woman to own a seat on the New York Stock Exchange and the first woman to head one of its member firms. Daily LifeDisasters: An oil tanker, the Torrey Canyon, is wrecked off the coast of Cornwall in England, spilling 919,000 barrels of oil into the sea. | Sports Football: The first Super Bowl is played: Green Bay Packers 35, Kansas City Chiefs 10.Sports Baseball: Mickey Mantle (1931-1995) of the New York Yankees hits his 500th career homerun. Sports Women’s Firsts: Women in Sports: Black Athletes: Althea Gibson (1927-2003) is the first African-American tennis player to win a singles title at Wimbledon. Popular CultureThe Beatles: On June 25, 1967 The Beatles performed "All You Need Is Love" for the Our World television special. It was the first television special to air worldwide. Singing backup for the Beatles were a number of artists including Eric Clapton (1945- ), and members of the Rolling Stones and The Who.Popular CultureIra Levin (1929-2007) publishes "Rosemary’s Baby."Popular CultureTwiggy (1949- ), a British model, takes world fashion by storm. | ReformCivil Rights Movement: Riots occur in black areas of Cleveland, Detroit, Newark, Boston, New Haven, and other cities. |
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1968 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsRichard M. Nixon (1913-1994), a Republican, narrowly defeats Democrat Hubert Humphrey (1911-1978) to become the 37th President of the United States; Spiro T. Agnew (1918-1996) is elected as the nation's 39th Vice President. GovernmentNative Americans: Title II of the Civil Rights Act gives full civil rights to individuals living under tribal law.GovernmentCivil Rights Movement: President Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) signs the 1968 Civil Rights Law.WarNorth Korea seizes the U.S. Navy ship Pueblo (the crew is released 11 months later).WarVietnam War: Viet Cong guerillas and North Vietnamese soldiers launch the Tet (New York) offensive.WarVietnam War: The My Lai massacre occurs in Vietnam. | ScienceGeneticists reveal that some male criminals have an extra Y chromosome. ScienceJames Watson (1928- ) publishes "The Double Helix," describing the DNA molecule. ScienceThe discovery of a pulsar is announced.MedicineSurgeons experiment with animal hearts for transplants to human beings. MedicineVaccines: The mumps vaccine, developed in 1966, is improved for human use. InventionsComputers: Hewlett-Packard introduces the first programmable scientific desktop calculator, called "the new Hewlett-Packard 911A personal computer". (This is claimed as coining the term "personal computer"). InventionsComputers: Dr. Robert Dennard, of the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center patents a one-transistor DRAM cell and the basic idea in the three-transistor cell, which will become the standard short-term storage medium for programs and data during processing (RAM). TechnologySpace Race: Surveyor 7, the last of America’s unmanned lunar probes, lands on the moon. | EducationHigher Education: Student unrest because of the Vietnam War and other social causes creates wide confusion and changes in university life. EducationPublic Education: African American Education: African American parents and white teachers clash in the Ocean Hill-Brownsville area of New York City, over the issue of community control of the schools. Teachers go on strike, and the community organizes freedom schools while the public schools are closed.Arts and LettersAmerican Theatre: The Negro Ensemble Company is formed. Arts and LettersLiterature: Kurt Vonnegut (1922- ) publishes "Welcome to the Monkey House." | | DiscoveryThe skull of a 28 million year old ape is discovered in Egypt. Daily LifeThe nation’s first 911-phone system goes into service in Haleyville, Alabama.Daily LifeLondon Bridge is sold to an American, who rebuilds it in Arizona.Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Violent crimes have increased 57% since 1960. | Sports Hugh Porter of Britain wins the world cycling championship in Rome. Sports Black Athletes: The first black male champion in tennis tournament is Arthur Ashe (1943-1993) who won the 1968 U.S. Open, the 1970 Australian Open, and the 1975 Wimbledon championship. Popular CultureThe classification of movies by “G,” “PG,” “PG-13,” and “R” begins.Popular CultureMike Nichols (1931- ) directs the film "The Graduate," starring Dustin Hoffman (1937- ) and Anne Bancroft (1931-2005). Popular CultureThe Beatles: The Beatles release a full-length musical cartoon, "Yellow Submarine." Popular CultureDisney’s Mickey Mouse celebrates his 40th birthday. | ReligionThe foundation of the Temple of Herod is found in Israel.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: Executive Order 11246 prohibits sex discriminationby government contractors and requires affirmative action plans for hiring women. |
1969 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawChief Justices: President Richard M. Nixon (1913-1994) nominates Warren E. Burger (1907-1995) as Chief Justice of the United States; he is confirmed by the Senate two weeks later and serves in that position for seventeen years until his retirement in 1986. PoliticsLarge antiwar demonstrations take place, including Vietnam Moratorium Days in Washington, D.C. PoliticsVice President Agnew (1918-1996) accuses network television and the press of biased news coverage. GovernmentThe Palestine National Congress appoints Yasser Arafat (1929-2004) as head of the Palestine Liberation Organization. GovernmentWomen's Firsts: Golda Meir (1898-1978) is sworn in as Israel’s first female prime minister.GovernmentWomen’s Firsts: Shirley Chisholm (1924-2005), of New York, becomes the first African-American woman in Congress. Her motto is, "Unbought and unbossed." She serves in the U.S. House of Representatives for 14 years.GovernmentRichard M. Nixon (1913-1994), is inaugurated as the 37th President of the U.S.. amd Spiro T. Agnew (1918-1996) is inaugurated as the nation's 39th Vice President. WarVietnam War: President Johnson (1908-1973) announces proposed withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam. | ScienceA fossil skull found in Antarctica proves “without question” the theory of continental drift.ScienceThe fourth or “D” ring of Saturn is discovered. ScienceThe National Audubon Society begins a national campaign to ban DDT because the chemical is killing bald eagles. ScienceRibonuclease is the first enzyme to be synthesized. TechnologySpace Race: The first manned mission (Apollo) to the Moon takes place. TechnologyNeil Armstrong (1930- ) is the first man to walk on the Moon, thus "winning" the space race for the U.S. | EducationLibraries: The Cooperative College Library Center, the first consortium of black academic libraries, opens in Atlanta.EducationHigher Education: Education of Women: Several traditionally all-male colleges, including Yale, Bowdoin, and Colgate, admit women students. Arts and LettersPainting: Rembrandt’s (1606-1669) “Self Portrait” sells for $1,256,000 at Christie’s in London.Arts and LettersDance: Arthur Mitchell (1934- ) establishes the Dance Theatre of Harlem. IdeasArthur Jensen (1923- ) stirs widespread debate by his published claim that blacks are genetically less intelligent than whites. | Hoover, LouHerbert Hoover Jr. (1903-1969), son of Herbert and Lou Hoover, dies April 9 from cancer. | EconomicsThe United States attorney general charges IBM with unlawful monopolization of the computer industry, and requests the federal courts break it up.Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Sirhan Sirhan (1944- ) is convicted for the murder of Robert F. Kennedy.Daily LifeApproximately 225 million telephones are in use throughout the world. Daily LifeThe U.S. government removes cyclamates (artificial sweeteners) from the market; laboratory experiments link these food additives with cancer. Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Parker Brothers markets the first Nerf ball, a polyurethane foam ball that is safe for indoor play. By year's end, more than four million Nerf balls are sold. Daily LifeFashion: Pants suits become acceptable for everyday wear by women. | Popular CultureThe Beatles: The Beatles begin recording their final album, entitled "Abbey Road," returning to the EMI studios in West London and the production team led by George Martin (1926- ). It proves to be a relatively smooth and peaceful production and a highly acclaimed album. Lennon announces to the other Beatles that he will be leaving the band just before that album's release but is persuaded to remain quiet in public.Popular CultureKatherine Hepburn (1907-2003) and Barbara Streisand (1942- ) share the Best Actress Oscar; Hepburn breaks the record as the only actress winning three such awards.Popular CultureThe Rolling Stones release an album and a movie, both entitled Gimme Shelter. | ReformWomen's Rights Movement: California adopts the nation’s first “no fault” divorce law, allowing divorce by mutual consent.ReformAmerican Protest Music: “One Tin Soldier” is written by Dennis Lambert and Brian Potter during the Vietnam War. ReformAmerican Protest Music: “Blowing in the Wind” is written by Bob Dylan (1941- ) during the Vietnam War. |
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1970 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentThe Postal Service, an independent agency, replaces the Post Office Department. GovernmentThe National Air Quality Control Act calls for a 90% reduction in automobile pollution. GovernmentRailroad History: Congress passes the Rail Passenger Service Act creating Amtrak, which today serves more than 20 million customers annually on its national network of intercity trains and employs 23,000 people. | ScienceLysosomes, structures in the human cell, are synthesized. MedicineAfter great success as an experimental treatment for Parkinson’s disease, L-dopa is approved as a prescription drug. MedicineHeart pacemakers powered by nuclear energy are used for the first time in France; the device is estimated to work 10 years before needing to be refueled. MedicineVaccines: First vaccine for Rubella (German measles) is used.InventionsComputers: Bell Labs develops Unix. (Unix will become the dominant operating system of high end microcomputers, or workstations). InventionsTransportation: The first jumbo jet is invented. InventionsBell Telephone invents the Picturephone. TechnologyJapan becomes the fourth country to put a satellite into orbit.TechnologyGE synthesizes a gem-quality diamond. | EducationReports show that “Sesame Street,” a nationwide TV program, helps to improve skills of preschool children. EducationHigher Education: The University of California charges tuition for the first time in the school’s 102-year history. EducationCivil Rights Movement: The struggle for an end to racial discrimination continues. Nationally, the Charlotte-Mecklenburg schools in North Carolina were ordered to desegregate under a court ordered mandatory busing plan.EducationCivil Rights Movement: Seattle becomes the largest city to voluntarily enter into a mandatory busing program. The Seattle School District continues mandatory busing until 1996.Arts and LettersAleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918- ) wins the Nobel Prize for literature.Arts and LettersLiterature: Hemingway’s (1899-1961) "Island in the Stream" is published posthumously. | | DiscoverySpace Exploration: When an oxygen tank bursts on the way to the moon, Apollo 13 astronauts make the famous announcement, “Houston, we’ve got a problem.”DiscoveryIsraeli archeologists uncover the first evidence of the destruction of Jerusalem by Roman troops in A.D. 70. Daily Life20 million Americans take part in activities and demonstrations against pollution to celebrate Earth Day. Daily LifeHospital care costs reach an average of $81 per day. | Sports Women in Sports: Just 294,000 American high school girls take part in interscholastic sports.Popular CultureWomen’s Firsts: Women and Sports: Horse Racing: Diane Crump becomes the first female jockey to ride in the Kentucky Derby. Popular CultureThe Beatles: The band officially brakes up. Popular Culture“Doonesbury,” a satirical comic strip created by Gary Trudeau (1948-), has its debut in 30 newspapers. | Social IssuesPolution: The National Air Quality Control Act calls for a 90% reduction in automobile pollution. ReformAnti-War Movement: The National Guard troops fire on 1000 antiwar protestors at Kent State University in Ohio; 4 students are killed. U.S. withdraws more troops from Vietnam. Reform1970's Protest Music: The Coca-Cola Coke Company integrates their original song “I’d Like to Teach the World to Sing”, sung by The Hillside Singers, in their commercial advertisements. |
1971 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawEducation: The Supreme Court upholds the busing of children to integrate public schools where state laws have allowed segregation. LawThe New York Times publishes classified Pentagon papers about the U.S.’s involvement in Vietnam. The Supreme Court upholds the right of the Times and the Washington Post to publish the papers.LawThe Twenty-Sixth Amendment to the Constitution, lowering the voting age to 18, is passed by Congress, ratified by two-thirds of the states, and added to the Constitution.GovernmentIdi Amin (1925-2003) becomes dictator of Uganda.GovernmentEast Pakistan proclaims its independence, taking the name Bangladesh. | ScienceC.H. Li synthesizes a human growth hormone. TechnologyAstronaut Alan B. Shepard (1923-1998) hits three golf balls on the moon during the Apollo 14 mission. | Arts and LettersDrama: Neil Simon (1927-) writes the play The Prisoner of Second Avenue. Arts and LettersLiterature: Philip Roth (1933- ) publishes the political satire "Our Gang." | Nixon, PatWhite House Wedding: Tricia Nixon (1946 - ), daughter of Patricia (1912-1993) and Richard Nixon (1913-1994) marries Edward F. Cox (1946 -) in the White House. | EconomicsThe Ford Motor Company establishes its North American Automotive Operations, consolidating U.S., Canadian, and Mexican operations more than two decades ahead of the North American Free Trade Agreement.DiscoveryWomen''s Firsts: Canadian Fran Phipps becomes the first woman to reach the North Pole.DiscoveryEgyptian scientists discover drawings that date back to 6000 B.C. in caves in Egypt’s western desert. DiscoverySpace Exploration: Mariner 9 orbits Mars and returns 6876 photographs of the planet’s surface. Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Charles Manson is found guilty of murdering Sharon Tate and six others in California.Daily LifeCigarette advertisements are banned from television. | Sports Boxing: Joe Frazier (1944- ) defeats Muhammad Ali (1942- ) (Cassius Clay) to win the world heavyweight boxing championship in New York City. It is Ali’s first lost after 31 professional wins. Sports Baseball: Henry "Hank" Aaron (1934- ) hits 600th career home run, the 3rd player ever to reach this mark. Sports Women''s Firsts: Women in Sports: Billie Jean King becomes the first woman athlete to win more than $100,000 in a single season in any sport. She is the only woman to have won US singles titles on grass, clay, carpet and hard court.Popular CultureBritish rock musician Elton John (1947- ) achieves superstar status with his albums, "Tumbleweed Connection" and "Madman Across the Water." | ReligionThe “Jesus movement” is a highly publicized part of religion in America. ReformCivil Rights Movement: Ten black activists are convicted of firebombing a Wilmington, Delaware store and draw prison terms of 29-34 years. ReformWomen''s Suffrage Movement: Women in Switzerland are finally granted suffrage.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corporation, 400 U.S. 542 (1971): The U.S. Supreme Court outlaws the practice of private employers refusing to hire women with pre-school children.ReformPeace Corps: In July 1971, President Nixon (1913-1994) brought the Peace Corps under the umbrella agency, ACTION. Peace Corps would remain under ACTION until President Jimmy Carter (1924-) declared it fully autonomous in a 1979 executive order. This independent status would be further secured when Congress passed legislation in 1981 to make the organization an independent federal agency. |
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1972 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawCapital Punishment: The Supreme Court rules that the death penalty as administered in the U.S. is “cruel and unusual punishment” and therefore unconstitutional. LawWomen's Rights Movement: The "Equal Rights Amendment" or ERA, a proposed Constitutional Amendment prohibiting sex discrimination against women, is passed by Congress and sent to the states for ratification. PoliticsRichard M. Nixon (1913-1994) is re-elected as President of the United States, as is Vice President Spiro Agnew (1918-1996).GovernmentPresident Richard Nixon (1913-1994) becomes the first American president to visit China.GovernmentBritain and China resume diplomatic relations after 22 years; Britain withdraws is consulate from Taiwan.WarThe military draft ends and all membership is on a volunteer basis. | ScienceThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry goes to C. Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, and William Stein for their molecular studies of proteins and enzymes. Science12 western European countries agree upon the establishment of a European Molecular Laboratory. The intent of the lab is to study the molecular basis of life.MedicineThe controversy over whether smoking causes a pregnant woman to have a smaller baby continues. InventionsThe History of Toys: Magnavox introduces Odyssey, the first video game machine, featuring a primitive form of paddle ball. Other companies soon invested in the video game business and, by 1976, hockey, tennis, and squash were available. TechnologyPresident Nixon (1913-1994) orders the development of the space shuttle. | EducationWomen's Rights Movement: Title IX (Public Law 92-318) of the Education Amendments prohibits sex discrimination in all aspects of education programs that receive federal support.EducationWomen’s Colleges: Women were among the leaders of the struggle for achieving civil rights for minorities, and they compared their situation once more to that of the minority groups. One response to the activism by women was the implementation of virtually universal coeducation in 1972.EducationLibraries: The Martin Luther King Memorial Library opens in Washington, replacing the old District of Columbia Central Public Library. | | EconomicsWomen’s Firsts: Juanita Kreps (1921- …) becomes the first woman director of the New York Stock Exchange. She later becomes the first woman appointed Secretary of Commerce. EconomicsPersonal Computers: The People's Computer Company is founded.
DiscoveryJapanese soldier Shoichi Yokoi (1915-1997) is discovered in Guam, having spent 28 years hiding in the jungle thinking World War II was still going on. DiscoveryRichard Leakey (1944-), British anthropologist, discovers a 2.5 million-year-old human skull in northern Kenya, Africa. DiscoveryPioneer 10 is launched to explore the asteroid belt and Jupiter. Daily LifeChina gives President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) two giant pandas.Daily LifeThe FDA proposes a ban on the use of antibiotics used to fatten cattle and other animals. | Sports Women in Sports: Women''s Rights Movement: The New York City Court of Appeals upholds a woman’s right to be an umpire in professional baseball. Sports The U.S. tennis team wins the Davis Cup for the 5th straight year.Sports Women in Sports: Congress passes Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any education program or activities receiving Federal financial assistance.” Popular CultureIra Levin (1929-2007) publishes "The Stepford Wives." | ReligionWomen’s Firsts: Judaism: Sally Jean Priesand (1948- …) is ordained in Cincinnati, Ohio, as the first woman rabbi in the United States. ReformWomen's Rights Movement: In Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972), the Supreme Court rules that the right to privacy encompasses an unmarried person's right to use contraceptives. |
1973 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawWomen's Rights Movement: In the "Roe v. Wade" decision, the Supreme Court legalizes abortion.GovernmentConservation: The Endangered Species Act prohibits the federal government from supporting any activities or projects that may be harmful to any endangered species. GovernmentVice President Spiro Agnew (1918-1996) is forced to resign his office on Justice Department charges of corruption in ofice. Under the newly ratified 25th Amendment, Gerald Ford (1913- ) is appointed Vice President.WarVietnam War: President Nixon (1913-1994) orders halt to offensive operations in North Vietnam. WarVietnam War: The Vietnam War peace accords are signed in Paris. | ScienceScientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology determine the structure of transfer-RNA (tRNA). ScienceThe Center for UFO Studies is established in Evanston, Illinois. MedicineMonocytes, a type of white blood cells, are proposed as a key to conquering cancer. MedicineMarijuana is used as a treatment for glaucoma. MedicineVaccines: Rabies vaccine is developed. | Arts and LettersArchitecture: The 110-story World Trade Center in New York City is completed and briefly becomes the tallest building in the world. Arts and LettersGeorge Lucas (1944- ) directs American Graffiti, a film that causes a wave of 1950’s nostalgia. Arts and LettersBilly Joel (1949- ) releases the Piano Man album. Arts and LettersStamps: Valentine's Day "Love" stamps are first issued. IdeasPersonal Computers: At the Lakeside prep school in Washington State, Bill Gates (1955- ) tells a friend "I'm going to make my first million by the time I'm 25.” | Johnson, Lady BirdLyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) dies at age 64. | EconomicsCongress approves the Alaskan pipeline. EconomicsThe Ford Motor Company is fined $7 million for violating the Clean Air Act by improperly servicing 1973 model cars during tests for emission controls.DiscoveryPioneer 11 is launched to fly by Jupiter and Saturn.DiscoveryA “cold star” is discovered that has 30,000 times more energy than the Sun. Scientists think that this star is in the early stage of development. Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: 14 states restore the death penalty. Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Dungeons & Dragons is invented by Dave Arneson and Gary Gygax. | Sports Baseball: Baseball’s American League adopts the “designated hitter” rule, which allows another player to bat for the pitcher.Sports Football: The Miami Dolphins become the first NFL team to go undefeated and have a perfect season by beating the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl VII.Popular CultureGeorge Lucas (1944- ) directs "American Graffiti," a film that causes a wave of 1950’s nostalgia.Popular CultureBilly Joel (1949- ) releases the "Piano Man" album. | ReligionPresbyterians form a new church, the National Presbyterian Church. ReligionJudaism: Conservative Jews allow women in the minyan- 10 or more adult Jews are required for communal worship. ReformWomen's Rights Movement: Pittsburgh Press v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations, 413 U.S. 376 (1973): The U.S. Supreme Court bans sex-segregated “help wanted” advertising as a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as amended. |
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1974 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
LawIn "United States vs. Nixon," the Supreme Court rules that presidential executive privilege is not unlimited. GovernmentThe Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is charged with foreign and domestic abuse of its power. GovernmentStamps: The first U.S. self adhesive stamp is issued.GovernmentScandal: President Richard M. Nixon (1913-1994) resigns the Presidency in the wake of the Watergate scandal; he is the only President to resign the office; Vice President Gerald R. Ford (1913- )is inaugurated as the nation's 38th President. Nelson A. Rockefeller (1908-1979) becomes the nation's 41st Vice President. | ScienceThe National Academy of Sciences urges a ban on genetic experiments with bacteria, especially those involving E. coli, a helpful type of bacteria that lives in the intestines. MedicineHigh-energy neutrons, produced in cyclotrons, are used to treat cancer. MedicineA government report indicates that moderate drinkers live longer than nondrinkers. It also states that heavy drinkers have higher rates of mouth, throat, and liver cancer. MedicineVinyl chloride, commonly used in making plastics, is shown to cause cancer. | EducationCivil Rights Movement: The Boston school committee rejects a court-ordered busing plan for desegregation. EducationWomen's Rights Movement: The Women’s Educational Equity Act, drafted by Arlene Horowitz and introduced by Representative Patsy Mink (D-HI), funds the development of nonsexist teaching materials and model programs that encourage full educational opportunities for girls and women. EducationPublic Education: In Milliken v. Bradley, a Supreme Court made up of Richard Nixon's appointees rules that schools may not be desegregated across school districts. This effectively legally segregates students of color in inner-city districts from white students in wealthier white suburban districts.Arts and LettersLiterature: Peter Benchley (1940-) publishes "Jaws," a novel about a huge shark that terrorizes a Long Island Beach resort. Arts and LettersAleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918- ), Nobel Prize winner in literature, is deported from the Soviet Union. | | EconomicsThe U.S. ends all price and wage controls.EconomicsThe U.S. is hit by a recession. DiscoveryLarge quantities of historical manuscripts, philosophical works, and medical texts more than 2000 year old are discovered in ancient tombs in China. | Sports Baseball: Hank Aaron (1934- ) hits the 715th home run of his career, breaking Babe Ruth’s record.Sports Baseball: Little League Baseball Inc. bars foreign teams from future Little League World Series and accepts female players into the league. Sports The U.S. Olympic Committee adopts a bill of rights for athletes. Sports Baseball: Black Athletes: Frank Robinson (1935- ), of the Cleveland Indians, is the first black manager in professional baseball. Sports Women in Sports: Football: The inaugural season of the first women''s professional football league kicks off with seven US teams.Popular CultureThe Beatles: A jam session between John Lennon (1940-1980) and Paul McCartney (1942- ) is recorded on March 31, 1974, when McCartney visits Lennon in Los Angeles, California. Popular Culture"Happy Days" premiers on television.Popular CultureThe popular rock groups of the time are Chicago, Steeley Dan, Yes, Jefferson Starship, Santana, The Eagles, and Utopia. Popular CultureMel Brooks produces "Blazing Saddles," a parody of westerns. | ReligionPope John Paul VI (1912-1978) opens the Holy Year of the Roman Catholic Church, the 25th since 1450 (The first Holy year was proclaimed in 1300).ReformWomen's Rights Movement: Housing discrimination on the basis of sex and credit discrimination against women are outlawed by Congress.ReformWomen's Rights Movement: Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur, 414 U.S. 632 (1974), determines it is illegal to force pregnant women to take maternity leave on the assumption they are incapable of working in their physical condition. |
1975 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentNative Americans: The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act give Native Americans more control in administering federal programs and services to their people.GovernmentScandal: John Mitchell (1913-1988), H. R. Haldeman (1926-1993), and John Ehrlichman (1925-1999) are convicted of obstruction of justice in the Watergate affair.WarCivil war begins in Lebanon when gunmen kill 4 Christian Phalangists who retaliate by killing 27 Palestinians.WarVietnam War: The Vietnam War ends with South Vietnam’s surrender to North Vietnam. | MedicineHeart valves in pigs are used to replace defective valves in human hearts. MedicineThe National Cancer Institute links cancer with pollution. TechnologyPersonal Computers: Bill Gates (1955-) and Paul Allen (1953- ) write to MITS, saying they have a BASIC language for the Intel 8080 processor. They propose licensing it for use on the Altair in exchange for royalty payments. (They then spend the next eight weeks writing the software). | EducationNative Americans: Native American Education: The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act gives Native Americans more control in administering federal programs and services to their people.IdeasE. O. Wilson publishes "Sociobiology: The New Synthesis," which argues that genes control social behavior patterns. | Roosevelt, EleanorLives of the First Ladies: Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Dall Boettiger Halsted (1906-1975), daughter of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, dies December 1 from cancer. | EconomicsInsurance companies drop malpractice insurance coverage for doctors because the losses in suits are so high. DiscoveryUniversity of California astronomers discover a new galaxy that is at least 10 times larger than the Milky Way and about 8-million light years away from earth. DiscoveryPaleontologists discover the oldest American fossil- a 620-year-old marine worm. DiscoveryViking 1 and 2 are both launched and scheduled to land on Mars one year later. Daily LifeThe Metric Conversion Act suggests that a voluntary change be made to the metric system. Daily LifeThe National Association of Broadcasters agrees to assign a two-hour period of time to programs suitable for family viewing. | Sports Women in Sports: Chris Evert (1954- ) wins $40,000, the highest prize in the history of women’s tennis, on the Virginia Slims Tour.Sports Basketball: The European basketball league finishes its first season; Israeli Sabres finishes in first place out of 5 teams. Sports Women in Sports: Title IX goes effect on June 21.Sports Baseball: An arbitrator’s ruling leads to a modification of the reserve clause and the start of free agency. Baseball salaries begin to skyrocket.Popular Culture"The Jeffersons" debuts on television; it is the first sitcom about an African American family.Popular CultureThe film "Jaws" breaks box office records across the U.S. and causes a nationwide “Jawsmania.”Popular CultureThe film "One Flew Over the Cuckoo''s Nest" is the first movie since 1934 to win the top four Oscars: Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Director. Popular Culture"A Chorus Line" opens on Broadway. | |
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1976 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
PoliticsJames Callaghan (1912-2005) succeeds Harold Wilson as the British Prime Minister. PoliticsJimmy Carter (1924 - ) is elected as the 39th President of the United States and Walter F. Mondale (1928- ) is elected the nation's 42nd Vice President.GovernmentThe U.S. celebrates the 200th anniversary of its independence. Six million people view the parade of tall ships from 31 countries on the Hudson River. GovernmentThe U.S. and the U.S.S.R. sign a treaty that limits the size of underground nuclear explosions. Some on-site inspection of compliance is approved for the first time. GovernmentU.S. intelligence agencies are charged with unlawful investigation and surveillance of citizens. GovernmentThe U.S. vetoes the admission of Vietnam to the UN, reasoning that the Hanoi government has failed to account for 800 U.S. servicemen still mission in action. | ScienceThe chronon is selected as the smallest unit of time. ScienceThe 143 members of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) develop methods to standardize weather data. MedicineVaccines: A malaria-causing organism is cultured in the lab-this is the first step in developing a vaccine. MedicineLyme arthritis, a new infectious form of arthritis, is discovered near Lyme, Connecticut. The disease is thought to be spread by virus-carrying insects. TechnologyPersonal Computers: The Apple I computer board is sold in kit form, and delivered to stores by Steve Jobs (1955- ) and Steve Wozniak (1950- ); the price is: US$666.66. | Arts and LettersWomen’s Firsts: Sarah Caldwell (1924- …) becomes the first woman to conduct at New York's Metropolitan Opera House. Arts and LettersLiterature: Kurt Vonnegut (1922- ) publishes "Slapstick." | | EconomicsConsolidated Railroad Corporation (Conrail), a private government-financed corporation, takes control of the freight service of six bankrupt Northeast railroads. EconomicsPersonal Computers: In November, The trademark "Microsoft" is registered.DiscoveryPioneer 10 travels through Saturn’s rings and heads toward a 1987 examination of Pluto. DiscoveryViking 1 and Viking 2 land on Mars and begin sending back information about the planet’s surface. Daily LifeTransportation: A Pan-American airliner completes the world’s longest non-stop commercial flight (8,088 miles in over 13 hours of travel). Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Nolan Bushnell sells his video game company, Atari, to Warner Brothers. Atari''s popular Pong and Super Pong video tennis games soon gave way to a home video cartridge system that ran full-color games, from baseball to Pacman. | Popular CultureErma Bombeck (1927-1996), humorist, publishes 'Life is Always Greener Over the Septic Tank." Popular CultureWomen's Firsts: Barbara Walters (1929- ) becomes the first female network television news anchor.Popular CultureBarbara Walters (1929- ) becomes the first female network television news anchor.Popular CultureStevie Wonder (1950- ) releases the immensely popular album, "Songs in the Key of Life." Popular Culture"Rocky," a film starring Sylvester Stallone (1946- ), wins the Oscar for Best Picture. | Religion6 women in British Columbia and Ontario, Canada are ordained as priests in the Anglican Church. ReformWomen win 13 of 32 Rhodes Scholarships awarded to Americans; this is the first time since the scholarships were made in 1902 that women are eligible recipients. ReformWomen's Rights Movement: General Elec. Co v. Gilbert, 429 U. S. 125 (1976), the Supreme Court upholds women’s right to unemployment benefits during the last three months of pregnancy. |
1977 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentPresident Carter (1924- ) makes “human rights” a part of U.S. foreign policy. GovernmentJimmy Carter (1924 - ) is inaugurated as the 39th President of the United States and Walter F. Mondale (1928- ) is inaugurated as the nation's 42nd Vice President.GovernmentThe Justice Department investigates alleged illegal bribery by South Korean officials to influence members of Congress. GovernmentPresident Carter (1924- ) pardons most Vietnam War and draft evaders.GovernmentCongress creates a new cabinet-level Department of Engineering. | ScienceMethanogens are identified as a totally separate and previously unknown form of life that existed about 3.5 million years ago. MedicineAfter extensive hearings, the FDA declares that laetrile is not a vitamin and is of no value in treating cancer.MedicineThe FDA claims that saccharin may cause cancer. InventionsComputers: Bally completes designs of a home computer.TechnologyVoyager 1 and Voyager 2 are launched on a journey that will bring them near Jupiter and Saturn in 1979 and 1980. | | | EconomicsHigh oil consumption in the U.S. makes energy conservation necessary (energy crisis). EconomicsPersonal Computers: The first Computer Shack franchise is opened in Morristown, New Jersey. 112 people visit in the first day.DiscoveryAstronomers aboard NASA’s Airborne Observatory discover rings around Uranus. Daily LifeCrime and Punishment: Gary Gilmore (?-1977) becomes the first person executed in the U.S. since the death penalty was reintroduced.Daily LifeDisasters: The greatest aviation disaster in history kills 542 people when two planes collide on a runway in the Canary Islands.Daily LifeTravel bans on U.S. citizens to Cuba, Vietnam, Cambodia, and North Korea are lifted. Daily LifePersonal Computers: Total shipments of personal computers worldwide during the year total 48,000.Daily LifeThe History of Toys: Kenner Toys introduces a line of Star Wars action figures, capitalizing on the popularity of George Lucas''s blockbuster film. They dominate the action figure market. | Sports Baseball: The St. Louis outfielder Lou Brock (1939- ) sets the new base-stealing record of 893. Popular CultureThe film "Saturday Night Fever" helps popularize disco dance music. Popular CultureGeorge Lucas (1944- ) directs "Star Wars," a film that signals the beginning of a new, more polished science-fiction genre of films. | ReligionJohn Neumann (1903-1957) is made a saint in the Roman Catholic Church; he is the first American male to be selected. ReligionAmericans explore forms of spiritualism: 6 million are active in transcendental meditation; 5 million practice yoga; 3 million follow the charismatic movement; 3 million involved in mysticism; and 2 million in Eastern religions. ReligionThe Roman Catholic Church prohibits ordination of women as priests. |
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1978 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentStamps: A new 15-cent stamp goes into use after its approval by the Postal Rate Commission. GovernmentCongress extends ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to 1982. GovernmentThe U.S. and Communist China establish full diplomatic relations. GovernmentPresident Carter (1924- ) invokes the Taft-Harley Act to end the coal strike. GovernmentElectrification: Congress passes the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), which spurs the growth of nonutility unregulated power generation. | ScienceThe Plasma Physics Laboratory at Princeton University conducts controlled fusion experiments. ScienceChromosomes are discovered in parts of the cell other than the nucleus. MedicineVitamin C is proposed as a cancer-fighting drug. MedicineThe AMA concludes a 14-year study that shows that cigarette smoking causes heart disease and may cause cancer.TechnologyTexas Instruments introduces magnetic bubble memories for computers. | EducationHigher Education: Civil Rights Movement: In Regents of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court considered whether affirmative action programs violated the Equal Protection Clause. Without a clear majority, the Court held that it was permissible to use race as a factor in school admissions, but that the rigid racial quotas used by the University did violate the 14th Amendment.EducationPublic Education: Education of Women: The federal judge in Ohio rules that high school girls should not be prevented from participating with boys on the same sports teams. EducationPublic Education: The so-called "taxpayers' revolt" leads to the passage of Proposition 13 in California, and copy-cat measures like Proposition 2-1/2 in Massachusetts. These propositions freeze property taxes, which are a major source of funding for public schools. As a result, in twenty years California drops from first in the nation in per-student spending in 1978 to number 43 in 1998.EducationNative Americans: Native American Education: Higher Education: The federal Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act provides the Educationbasis for a system of higher education on or near Indian reservations, which allows young people to go to college without leaving their families.Arts and LettersLiterature: John Irving (1942-) publishes "The World According to Garp." | | EconomicsThe Ford Motor Company celebrates its 75th anniversary. Celebrations were very much in order, and they took place at World Headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan as well as at locations throughout the world. DiscoveryJames Cristy, discovers Charon, a moon of Pluto.Daily LifeEducation: The Federal Communication Commission studies children’s television to see if the TV industry is showing a reasonable amount of children’s shows, including educational programming. Daily LifeCrayola: The first box of Crayola markers is introduced in 8 bright, bold colors. | Sports Women''s Firsts: Women in Sports: Black Athletes: Lillian Greene-Chamberlain, the first African-American woman distance runner in international events is named as the first woman to be director for Physical Education and Sport Programs for UNESCO.Popular CultureDolly Parton (1946- ) wins the Country Music Association’s Entertainer of the Year Award for the song “Here You Come Again.”Popular Culture"Star Wars" is all-time leader in worldwide film rentals; it takes in $202 million and passes revenue records previously set by "Jaws." | Social IssuesStem-Cell Research: Widespread controversy surrounds claims that a human being has been cloned. ReformWomen's Rights Movement: The Pregnancy Discrimination Act bans employment discrimination against pregnant women. |
1979 |
Law, Politics, Government, and War | Science, Medicine, Inventions, and Technology | Education, Arts and Letters, and Ideas | Lives of the First Ladies | Economics, Discovery, and Daily Life | Sports and Popular Culture | Religion, Social Issues, and Reform |
GovernmentAyatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1900-1989) returns to Tehran after 15 years of exile; Iran is proclaimed an Islamic Republic.GovernmentDictator Idi Amin (1928-2003)of Uganda is overthrown.WarPakistan Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1928-1979) is executed by the military.WarPresident Sadat (1918-1981) of Egypt and Prime Minister Begin (1913-1982 ) of Israel sign a peace treaty at the White House, ending 30 years of war.WarVietnamese forces capture the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh, overthrowing Pol Pot’s (1928- ) Khmer Rouge government. | ScienceMIT researchers discover that DNE molecules spiral to the left, not to the right as was previously believed. MedicineDoctors in Maryland use a metal cylinder to replace a section of a woman’s spine removed earlier because of cancer. | EducationThe new Cabinet-level Department of Education is established. | | EconomicsCongress approves a $1.5 billion federal loan guarantee plan for the Chrysler Corporation; this is the largest government bailout of a U.S. company. EconomicsThe Department of Energy sues nine large U.S. oil companies for allegedly over-charging customers nearly $1billion since 1973. DiscoveryA black hole is discovered in the center of the Milky Way. Daily LifeDisasters: A nuclear power accident occurs at Three-Mile Island, near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.Daily LifeBecause of a major shortage, gasoline sales on odd-even days are instituted in many states. | Popular CultureElton John (1947- ) is the first rock star from the West to tour the U.S.S.R. | ReligionPope John Paul II (1920- ) visits Poland; this is the first time a pope has visited a Communist country. ReligionMother Teresa (1910-1997), of India, is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her work among the sick and the poor. |
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